Test One

Beringia

A land bridge that once connected Asia and North America, allowing the migration of Paleo Indians.

Paleo Indians

The earliest inhabitants of North America, known for their hunting and gathering lifestyles.

Paleo Indian Diet

Consisted mainly of large game animals, fish, and gathered plant foods.

Adaptation of Paleo Indians

Developed tools and strategies for hunting, gathering, and coping with climate changes.

Significance of Beringia

Facilitated the migration of early peoples into North America.

Olmec Society Characteristics

Known for their colossal head sculptures and extensive trade networks.

Olmec Lifestyle

Agricultural society primarily engaged in farming, fishing, and trade.

Olmec Art/Culture

Rich in artistic expression, including jade work and monumental architecture.

Olmec Government

Formed a centralized society with rulers and ceremonial centers.

Teotihuacan

An ancient Mesoamerican city, famous for its pyramids and urban planning.

Mayan Society Characteristics

Advanced civilization known for its hieroglyphics, calendar systems, and astronomical knowledge.

Aztec Empire Society

A powerful empire known for its military prowess, tribute systems, and rich cultural life.

Incan Empire Society

A civilization known for its innovative agriculture and extensive road systems.

Similarities Among Native Tribes

Many tribes shared social structures, spiritual beliefs, and a dependence on the land.

Early Contact examples

Interactions between Native Americans and Europeans, including trade and conflict.

African Civilization Characteristics

Diverse societies with rich cultures, trade networks, and forms of governance.

English Society Characteristics

Feudalistic society transitioning into more centralized forms of governance.

Spanish Society Characteristics

Highly stratified society influenced by the Catholic Church and colonial practices.

French Society Characteristics

Based on trade and alliances with Native Americans, particularly in the fur trade.

Rise of the Atlantic World

A period marked by increased exploration and interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Renaissance Effects on Europe

Led to advancements in art, science, and the questioning of traditional authorities.

Joint-Stock Companies

Business entities where investors share profits and risks of colonial ventures.

The Reconquista

The centuries-long campaign to reclaim Iberian territory from Muslim rule.

Spanish Inquisition

A religious tribunal established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.

Martin Luther

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation who challenged the Catholic Church.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and faith.

Protestant Reformation in England

Resulted in the Church of England's separation from the Roman Catholic Church.

Portuguese Exploration of Africa

Initiated in the 15th century for trade and exploration, shaping coastal interactions.

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are treated as property.

Status of Native Americans in Spanish Empire

Often subjected to enslavement and forced labor under encomienda systems.

Christopher Columbus and the Tainos

Columbus's arrival in 1492 significantly impacted the Taino people and Caribbean culture.

Hernán Cortéz and Tenochtitlán

Cortéz's conquest of the Aztec capital marked the beginning of Spanish dominance.

Encomiendas

A system granting Spanish settlers control over indigenous labor and tribute.

Mission System Purpose

Established to convert Native Americans to Christianity and settle the frontier.

Mestizos and Mulattos

Mestizos are people of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry; mulattos are mixed Spanish and African ancestry.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

Middle Passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

French Explorers in North America

Included figures like Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, focusing on trade.

British Expansion under Elizabeth I

Focused on colonization efforts in North America and the pursuit of wealth.

Cause of ‘Starving Times’ in Jamestown

Poor food supply and harsh conditions led to severe shortages in the winter of 1609-1610.

Tobacco Brides

Women brought to Virginia to marry settlers and stabilize the population.

Headrights

Land grants given to colonists to encourage settlement and cultivation.

Relationship between Powhatans and English

Initially cooperative, but escalated to conflict as English interests grew.

The Mayflower Compact

An agreement that established a form of self-governance for the Pilgrims.

New Netherlands

A Dutch colony in North America that became New York after English takeover.

Henry Hudson

An explorer who navigated rivers searching for passages and laid claim to regions.

Colonial Society: Chesapeake

Characterized by tobacco cultivation, indentured servitude, and a plantation economy.

Maryland’s Settlement Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

Protected the rights of Christians to practice their faith freely.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 rebellion against colonial authority led by Nathaniel Bacon, highlighting class tensions.

Britain and the African Slave Trade

Established a trade network that procured slaves for plantations.

‘City Upon a Hill’ Experiment

John Winthrop's vision for Massachusetts Bay as a model Christian society.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who founded Rhode Island for its religious freedoms.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious leader who challenged Puritan norms, leading to her banishment.

Pequot War

A conflict between English settlers and the Pequot Tribe leading to significant loss.

King Philip’s War

A violent conflict in 1675-1676 between Native Americans and English settlers.

Salem Witch Trials’ Legacy

A significant example of mass hysteria and injustice in colonial society.

Dutch and the New Netherlands

Known for religious tolerance and a diverse immigrant population.

Quakers and Pennsylvania

A colony founded by William Penn promoting religious freedom and peaceful coexistence.

Carolina Colonies Purpose

Established for economic gain through agriculture and trade.

Georgia and Slavery

Initially banned slavery, but it became essential for its economy later.

Iroquois Confederacy

A political union of Native American tribes formed for mutual defense and governance.

Great Law of Peace

The system of governance and decision-making among the Iroquois.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that trade generates wealth, influencing colonial policies.

Robert Cavalier de La Salle

Explored the Mississippi River and claimed Louisiana for France.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonization and cultural imposition.

Spanish Florida

Established as a Spanish colony, significant for its missions and conflicts with Native tribes.