Learning AP Psych

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Psychology

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33 Terms

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Learning
The process of acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
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Habituation
The gradual reduction in the strength or frequency of a response to a repeated stimulus.
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Associative Learning
Learning that involves forming connections or associations between stimuli or behaviors.
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Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
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Acquisition
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
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Extinction
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
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Generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Learned Helplessness
A state in which an organism learns to be helpless in a situation where it has no control, often as a result of repeated exposure to aversive stimuli.
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Respondent Behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
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Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it.
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Law of Effect
The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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Shaping
The process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
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Negative Reinforcement
Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
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Reinforcer
Any stimulus that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a desired behavior.
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Positive Reinforcement
Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus.
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Variable-Interval Schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after varying intervals of time.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after varying numbers of responses.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a fixed interval of time.
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.
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Punishment
Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus.
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Intrinsic Motivation
Engaging in behavior for its own sake, because it is inherently rewarding or enjoyable.
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Latent Learning
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated in behavior.
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Insight
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
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Observational Learning
Learning by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors.
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Extrinsic Motivation
Engaging in behavior to obtain external rewards or avoid punishments.
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Modeling
Demonstrating a behavior for others to imitate.
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Mirror Neurons
Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action, suggesting a role in empathy and imitation