BIOL 207 Final Unit

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163 Terms

1
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What is the physical manifestation of HSV1? When is it infectious? When do outbreaks occur?
* cold sores (blister outbreaks)
* infectious from when the sore appears to when the sore goes away
* outbreaks occur when the immune system is compromised (stress, illness, chemicals, immunosuppressant drugs)
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Where does the herpes virus infect?
* infects neurons and remains there during latency
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What is a complication of the herpes virus if it spread?
* if it spreads to the eye → causes herpes keratitis
* the number one cause of blindness in the US via cornea scarring

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4
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What is the physical manifestation of HSV2? How common is it?
* causes genital herpes
* one of the most common STD’s in the US

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5
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How is HSV2 spread by?
* when infectious blisters are present, spread by sex, including oral sex
* not spread on surfaces

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6
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What are the signs/symptoms of HSV2?
* 1-3 days: itching, throbbing, redness, swelling, thin blisters
* 3 weeks: sores go latent, reactivated by stress

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How does HSV2 relate to other STDs?
* increases risk of transmitting or contracting other STD’s including AIDS

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8
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What is the treatment for herpes simplex viruses?
* no cure, so treatments slow down the activation time
* decreases frequency of outbreaks

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9
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What is neonatal herpes? What 3 complications may arise as a result?
* when herpes is spread to a baby in utero if mother is infected during pregnancy
* causes delayed mental development, blindness, persistent seizures
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What virus causes chickenpox and singles?
* varicella zoster virus (VZV)
* type of herpes virus

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11
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How is chickenpox spread?
* respiratory droplets
* skin contact
* when blisters pop and are spread to others

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12
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When was the VZV vaccine introduced? How did this improve cases?
* in 1995
* used to cause 4 million cases/year with severe encephalitis as a complication
* reduced to 15,000/year but shingles are still a problem

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13
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What is the incubation period of chickenpox?
* about 2 weeks

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14
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How does chickenpox begin? What are the initial symptoms (3)? Where does the pass into? What does it cause at this point?
* in the RT
* leads to mild fever, headache, drowsiness
* virus passes into the blood and takes up in the nerves and skin
* causes red, itchy rashes across the body

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When is chickenpox infectious?
infectious 48 hours before rash appears

remains infectious for 2 weeks after
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What are the 3 complications of chickenpox?
* bacterial infection of skin
* pneumonia
* encephalitis
17
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What does reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus lead to? How do vaccines for this work?
* leads to shingles
* vaccines are basically a chickenpox booster; usually effective against chickenpox but not always against shingles

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What are the signs and symptoms of shingles? (4)

1. blisters/blotchy red patches
2. headaches
3. facial paralysis
4. ice-prick pains

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19
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What is the complication/sequelae for shingles?
postherpetic neuralgia: persistent pain of shingles
20
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What virus causes measles?
rubeola virus

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21
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How contagious is measles? How is it spread? How common is it?
* very contagious
* spread by respiratory droplets
* was eradicated in 2000, but has been on the rise due to vaccine skepticism

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22
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What are the signs and symptoms of measles? (4)
* runny nose
* high fever (different from chickenpox which doesn’t cause high fever)
* Koplik spots in mouth
* rash at hairline spreads from face to rest of body

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How does measles negatively impact the immune system? (2) When does this occur?
* erases the adaptive memory
* SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis): a fatal nervous system disruption
* occurs 1 month to 25 years later

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24
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How is measles diagnosed?
* visually from rash
* antibody testing for confirmation

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25
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What is the treatment for measles?
* no treatment once the
26
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How do you prevent measles?
* part of the MMR vaccine
* most important

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27
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What virus causes fifth disease? How is it spread?
* parvovirus B19
* spread through respiratory droplets and blood
28
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Who most commonly gets
29
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What are the symptoms o
30
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How is fifth disease diagnosed?
visually from the rash (ring-like rashes)
31
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What is the treatment for fifth disease? Are there complications?
* none
* no complications in healthy individuals

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32
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What virus causes hand foot and mouth disease?
coxsackievirus A16
33
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How is hand foot and mouth disease spread?
* extremely contagious
* spread person to person
* respiratory droplets
* fomites

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34
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What are the symptoms of hand foot and mouth disease?
* fever
* flu-like symptoms
* painful mouth sores
* skin rash

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35
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What is the treatment for hand foot and mouth disease?
* fluids
* NSAIDs
* waiting it out

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36
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How is hand foot and mouth disease diagnosed?
visually (rashes)
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What are the complications of hand foot and mouth disease? (3)
* dehydration
* fingernail and toenail loss
* meningitis
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How do you determine between hand foot and mouth disease and chickenpox?
* chickenpox doesn’t have high and fast fever, HFMD does
* chickenpox has more blistery rashes
* HFMD has more broad rashes on the body and specifically on the hands feet and mouth

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39
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What different things can cause meningitis? (4)

1. bacteria (N. meningitidis, S. pnemoniae, H. influenzae)
2. viral
3. fungal
4. protozoal

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40
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Which bacteria causes meningococcoal meningitis? What are its qualities? (5)
* *Neisseria meningitidis*
* look like coffee beans
* encapsulated/glycocalyx
* gram-negative
* diplococci
* fragile
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How many people are carriers of meningococcal meningitis? When can it become pathogenic?
10-25% have the bacteria in the respiratory tract

becomes pathogenic when it gets into the blood
42
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How is meningococcal meningitis normally transferred?
* easily passed person to person in close contact
* crowded areas

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43
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What is the pathway of Neisseria meningitis through the body?
* gets into the back of the throat (pharynx)
* gets into the cells lining the throat
* passes through the cells
* gets into the bloodstream
* travels throughout the body
* goes to the blood brain barrier (meninges)

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44
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What is the progression of meningococcal meningitis symptoms?
* starts with flu-like symptoms
* stiff neck
* pounding headache
* sensitivity to light
* nausea
* \
45
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What is the death rate of meningococcal meningitis?
* 50% if untreated
* progresses very fast
* death can occur in a day
46
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What happens when meningococcal meningitis progresses to the brain?
* once blood brain barrier is infected
* inflammation occurs
* edema follows
* high pressure accumulates in the brain

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47
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What happens if meningococcal meningitis goes systemic?
* may cause a rash
* called meningococcemia

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48
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Why does meningococcal meningitis cause such severe inflammation? What is the treatment because of it?
* endo/exotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) hyperproducer
* it’s a gram-negative bacteria
* LPS is released from live cells (rather than when the cells are killed)
* causes massive inflammation

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* treatment is with penicillin or 3rd gen cephalosporin which are bacteriocidal
* better because need to get rid of the bacteria as quickly as possible and it’s already releasing LPS

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49
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How is meningococcal meningitis diagnosed?
* spinal tap
* if there’s gram-neg diplococci in the spinal fluid → it’s meningitis
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What’s the best way to prevent meningococcal meningitis?
vaccine
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Where do 90% of meningococcal meningitis cases occur?
central Africa
52
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What bacteria causes tetanus? What is the gram reaction and shape?
* Clostridium tetani
* gram pos bacillus
* produces spores

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53
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How does tetanus infection occur? What is the incubation period?
* bacteria gets into wounds
* spores germinate in anoxic tissue
* hours up to 10 days (depends on the amount of bacteria in the wound)

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54
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What is the toxin that is produced by Clostridium tetani? What does it do?
* toxin: tetanospasmin
* blocks the inhibition of muscle contractions
* binds to the inhibitory neuron
* stops release of glycine
* no glycine means the excitatory neuron doesn’t ge
55
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How does muscle contraction normally work relating to tetanospasmin?
* inhibitory neuron secretes glycine
* glycine is picked up on receptors on excitatory neuron
* glycine stops the release of ACh
* contractions
56
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What are the symptoms of tetanus?
* involuntary muscle contraction (tetany)/spasms
* lockjaw
* risus sardonicus (raised eyebrows and grinning distortion)
* opisthotonos: arching of head, neck, back
* spasmodic inhalation: reaches the limbs
* seizures of ribs muscles and diaphragm
* violent death

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57
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What is the treatment for tetanus? (4)
* sedatives
* muscles relaxants
* penicillin (gets bacteria out)
* tetanospasmin antitoxin (the only way to get rid of symptoms)

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58
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How do you prevent tetanus?
* vaccine
* boosters every 7 years

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59
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In theory could you use tetanus toxin to treat a case of botulism?
* no
* tetanus acts on the glycine which functions normally in botulism cases
* the SNARE and SNAP proteins remain cut, so ACh is not making it to the muscle cell to contract the muscle
60
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In theory, could you use botulism toxin to treat tetanus?
* yes
* botulism cuts the SNAP and SNARE proteins so even if ACh is being continually released from the neuron, it won’t make it into the muscle cell to contract

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61
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What virus causes polio? What is the incubation period?
* enterovirus (EV-PV1, 2, & 3)
* IP: 6-20 days

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62
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How is enterovirus spread? How infectious is it?
via contaminated food and water

fecal oral route usually

very contagious; most people will get mild flu-like symptoms

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63
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What is the progression of enterovirus through the body?
mouth; tonsils (reservoir)

gastrointestines; intestines

bloodstream

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64
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What is the most common form of paralytic poliomyelitis? Where does it invade?
* spinal polio
* invades the motor neurons of anterior horn cells and gray matter in spinal column

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65
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What are the symptoms of spinal polio?
* inflammation
* death of motor neurons
* acute flaccid paralysis (mostly in lower extremities)

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66
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What is the treatment for spinal polio?
* \
67
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What are the symptoms of bulbar polio? Where does the virus infect?
* difficulty breathing, speaking, swallowing
* weakens muscles supplied by cranial nerves

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* virus invades the bulbar region
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What is the treatment for bulbar polio?
* keep the individual breathing with an iron lung
* may be there for weeks or years or life depending on how long it takes for the virus to leave

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69
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Who was the person who discovered the polio vaccine?
* Jonas sulk

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70
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What has the polio vaccine resulting in?
* polio is mostly eradicated
* there was another infectious virus causing paralysis that wasn’t polio (but caused acute flaccid paralysis)
* identified as non-polio enterovirus
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What are the symptoms of non-polio enterovirus?
* ranges from mild to severe
* acute flaccid paralysis
* sudden onset in people under 21 years old
* spinal cord lesion is restricted to gray matter
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Where is rabies most common in the world and in the US
Asia, Africa,
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What is so dangerous about rabies? Why?
has the highest mortality rate of any human infection

virus immediately enters the blood and nervous system (has serious systemic ramifications)

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74
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What is the incubation period? How does this depend on where the bite is?
* ranges from days to years
* 6 days if at face (very close to NS); 1 year if at foot (further from NS)
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What are the early signs and symptoms of rabies? (6)
* tingling
* burning
* coldness at bite site
* fever
* nausea
* vomiting
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When does treatment need to happen with rabies? What does treatment consist of?
* if you don’t get treatment before symptoms appear, almost 100% likely to die
* cleanse wound
* give a shot of Ig
* serial shots (days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28)
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What is the acute phase 1 of rabies? (3)
* hyperactivity
* aggressiveness
* tense muscles
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What is the acute phase 2 of rabies? (4)
* paralysis of pharynx
* increased salivation
* brain inflammation
* hydrophobia (extreme fear of water)
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How does rabies cause death?
death by respiratory paralysis
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What are arboviruses? What do they lead to?
arthropod borne (insects and the like)

lead to encephalitis
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What is west nile disease in terms of prominence?
* most prominent emerging encephalitic disease in western hemisphere

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How common are mild/moderate/severe cases? What are the symptoms for each?
* mild: 80% (low or no symptoms)
* moderate: 19% (fever, body aches, extreme fatigue)
* severe: 1% (high fever, disorientation, coma, convulsions, paralysis)

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How is west nile disease transmitted?
* transmitted from birds to mosquitoes in a cycle
* humans bitten by infected mosquitoes

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How is west nile disease diagnosed and treated?
* diagnosed by spinal tap
* supportive treatment

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85
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What’s the best way to prevent west nile disease?
prevent mosquito bites
86
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What are the two variations of the eastern equine encephalitis?

1. febrile
2. neurologic

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87
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What are the signs of EEE febrile disease? (4)
* fever
* body aches
* joint pain
* full recovery
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What are the signs of neurologic EEE disease? (5)
* vomiting
* seizures
* behavioral changes
* drowsiness
* coma

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What is the mortality rate of neurologic EEE? What happens to the survivors?
* 30% death rate
* those who recover are left with long term mental impairments ranging from mild brain dysfunction to severe intellectual impairment/personality disorders/seizures/paralysis/cranial nerve dysfunction

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What is the treatment for EEE?
* supportive

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91
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What parasite causes the African sleeping sickness? (latin and general name)
* Trypanosoma brucei
* Tsetse fly
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What parasite causes the american chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi

reduviid bug (kissing bug)
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What is the cycle of the african sleeping sickness in human host? (6 steps include symptoms)

1. get bitten
2. fly draws blood and gets into blood
3. multiplies in fluids (blood, lymph, spinal fluid)
4. chancre sore develops at the bite
5. bouts of fever, behavioral changes, general wasting
6. neurological symptoms develop (coma)
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What is the life cycle of the american chagas diseases in the human host? (5 steps including lifelong complications)

1. parasite goes into muscle tissue
2. no physical indications of bite (acutely asymptomatic)
3. body either clears the parasite or it becomes chronic (20-30% of cases)
4. degrades the muscle tissue → chronic damage over 10-30 years
5. may lead to sudden heart attack, cardiac nerve destruction
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What may lead to different symptoms in cases of chagas?
parasite likes to grow and reproduce in specific parts of the body
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How many people have had toxoplasmosis?
* 50% of world’s population
* universal parasite (cats)

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What parasite causes toxoplasmosis? Where is it found normally? Where does it infect (2)?
Toxoplasma gondii; trophozoites

found in the feces of cats

infects mammalian cells (muscle and nerve)
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What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis? (4) When is it most dangerous?
* usually causes no symptoms
* mild: fever, malaise, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
* can cause cognitive and/or mobility issues later in life
* dangerous when a pregnant person becomes infected

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How is toxoplasmosis found?
* birds and rodents get it from soil
* cats eat birds and rodents
* humans interact with cats (cat litter, gardening)

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How do you diagnose for toxoplasmosis?
look for the parasite trophozoites in the blood