Finals Prep: History Superset

What was the scientific revolution?

The era when scientists relied on observation and reason instead of religion and ancient studies to study the universe

What is the scientific method, and which scientists are known for using this during the scientific revolution?

The step-by-step process used to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Isaac Newton and Rene Descartes are well known scientists who used the scientific method

Why were scientists not supposed to challenge classic scholars?

People had lived and built societies based off of all of the information provided by classic scholars, so they didn't like their entire foundation being challenged

The church also held a lot of control during this time and so if scientists opposed the church's beliefs they would be threatened

What was the enlightenment?

The era when European thinkers applied science to the study of societies

They used reason instead of religion and ancient texts to uncover natural laws that govern human life

New ideas about government, justice, and basic human rights were introduced

How did the scientific revolution lead to the enlightenment?

Because of the newfound ability to look at observations and reason to study, it was adapted and applied to life, to justify proper treatment and human rights

How did the enlightenment lead to revolutions around the world?

Because of the introduction of theories about equal treatment and human rights, class and racial revolutions occurred around the world

People were inspired and they agreed with the philosophies discussed, wanting their countries to make the same changes

Copernicus

Proposed a heliocentric model of the universe but was rejected because it contradicted the church and the classics

Galileo

Found more evidence of a heliocentric universe but was put on trial, faced house arrest, and was threatened with death unless he withdrew his 'hereses'

Rene Descartes

Stressed human reason over most everything else would lead to understanding

John Locke

Beliefs:

People are reasonable and moral

People have natural rights that they receive at birth (life, liberty, and property)

People should form governments to protect their natural rights

A government has an obligation to its people and if they fail the people should overthrow them

Rousseau

Beliefs:

People are naturally good but become corrupt by society and unequal distribution of property

Governments should be elected by the people

Natural Rights

Rights that belong to all humans from birth (life, liberty, and property)

Social Contract

An agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos

How did the outcome of WW2 lead to the cold war?

After Germany finally surrendered, the Soviet Union and United States had conflicting opinions on what to do with Germany, which sparked disagreements and led to a rivalry and eventually the Cold War

Describe the decolonization that took place during the cold war era.

Near the end of the Cold War, colonies began to fight for independence, causing many nations to struggle with ethnic, religious, and political conflicts

Once the colonies gained independence, the U.S and USSR continued to fight for influence over the regions

Arms Race

1949 - Soviet Union has an atomic bomb like the U.S

1953 - Both the USSR and U.S have hydrogen bonds

They continue to race to create the most powerful weapons to use as threats and 'win' the war

Containment

The U.S. goal after WW2 to contain the communism in Germany

Balance Of Terror

The Soviet Union and the U.S had atomic bombs and threatened to use it if the other did

Both wanted to avoid a true conflict and so their threats were empty, yet still managed to prevent any and all use of the weapons

Who was Vladimir Lenin inspired by during the Russian revolution?

He was inspired by Marx and tried to follow it so that he could lead with communism successfully

How did Hitler and Nazism become popular in Germany prior to WW2's beginning? How does this connect to the Treaty of Versailles?

Because of the poverty and chaos caused by the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler made promises to bring order to Germany by improving the economy and society as a whole, claiming to get back at all who wrote the treaty

He was put in jail but during his time in prison, he wrote Mein Kamph and it was very popular, becoming the foundation for Nazism

He was able to easily manipulate the Germans into being anti-simetic and blindly following him and the Nazi regime

What events caused WW2 to begin?

Germany took over and annexed Austria, wanting to take over Czechoslovakia next

They were given Sudetenland due to appeasement and influence by Britain and France, but broke their promise and took over all of Czecho after that

Germany didn't stop there, instead they decided to take over Poland, which is when France and Britain finally declared war on them

What brought the U.S into the war?

Japans Pearl Harbor attack brought the U.S officially into the war and pushed them to start fighting, but prior to it, the U.S had been sending supplies to help the allies, just without any troops engaging

What caused the Holocaust?

Hitler blamed all of Germany's defeat and suffering on the Jewish people, pitting everyone against them

He decided to create his pure Germany by sending them to concentration camps, which turned to death camps and became what is now known as the holocaust

Totalitarianism

Occurs when a one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of its citizens' lives

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union who lead as a dictator after the death of Vladimir Lenin

Led with communism and heavily censored media, threatened with Gulags, and encouraged purges

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany who led with anti-semetic views and encouraged the unfair treatment of unpure Germans

Anti-Semitism

Hostility, prejudice, and discrimination against jewish people for no reason other than hatred

Mein Kamph

Hitler's book written in jail discussing his hatred of jewish people, marxists, politicians, and business leaders, blaming them for Germany's prior defeat

It would become the basis for Nazi ideology

Benito Mussolini

The organizer of the fascist party who promised to end corruption and replace the chaos caused by WW1

Gained power to lead Italy and took control of the press, economy, and rigged elections

Ran it with fear and trained men, women, and children to continue his teachings so that his country could be full of supervised order

Fascism

Extreme nationalism over individuals

Glorifies violence and blind loyalty to the state

Led by a dictator

Opposes communism

Black Shirts

The unofficial military wing of Mussolini's Fascist party

Munich Conference

Britain and France choose to be civil with Germany and encourage Czechoslovakia to hand over Sudetenland in hopes that Germany would keep their promise of not taking over any more land

Appeasement

Giving into the demands of the aggressor to keep peace

Holocaust

Systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of 6 million Jews - and nearly 6 million others - by the Nazi regime

Blitzkrieg

Meaning lightning war

When the Germans used tank and air power technology to strike a devastating blow against the enemy

Used several times in several different countries

D-day

June 6, 1944

the largest land, air, and sea battle in history

The invasion of France with 156000 troops on the beaches of Normandy, in order to free them from the Nazis

In only one week, a beachhead was established

Identify and explain the M.A.I.N. causes of WW1

Militarism - Nations glorifying military power and growing their navies and armies to be the best

Alliances - Formed between different nations in Europe and picked sides (triple alliance/entente)

Imperialism - Competition over land and who controlled what territories, which caused rivalry and mistrust

Nationalism - Pride in your country, increased through rivalries due to imperialism and militaries

What specific event sparked WW1?

The assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary while in Bosnia

Describe trench warfare. Why was it used? Was it an effective way of fighting?

Trenches were dug as a system of defense, starting after the failed schlieffen plan on the France, Germany border.

Soldiers lived in them for weeks at a time and had to dig into no mans land to gain little land

It was not effective and usually ended in stalemate and many casualties

Why did the United States enter WW1?

The U.S disliked Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare after promising to restrict it, and intercepting the zimmerman telegram was the last straw

Who were the Big Three? What were the names of their leaders?

France - Georges Clemenceau

Britain - David LLoyd George

U.S - Woodrow Wilson

What were the goals of the Allied leaders when writing the Treaty of Versailles?

The U.S wanted peace without victory based off of Wilson's fourteen points

Britain wanted money to improve and rebuild

France wanted a weakened Germany

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles? How did this impact Germany?

Provisions:

Must accept full blame for starting the war

Must pay reparations of $400 billion to the allies

Military size must be limited

Must give up land in Germany and overseas colonies

The Germans were left with nothing and so they resented all involved with the treaty

How did the outcome of WW1 lead to WW2?

The Treaty of Versailles was incredibly harmful to Germany, and so the people resented the treaty itself along with the countries that made it.

They were weak and so Hitler's promise to strengthen the country once again, was very appealing.

He was able to easily take advantage of them and their hatred, which led to a rise in his power and the eventual war.

Militarism

Nations glorified military power

Built up armies and navies to ensure readiness

Nationalism

Rivalries over militaries and imperialism increased nationalism among European powers

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's failed attempt at attacking France quickly to avoid a two front war that resulted in the use of trench warfare and an eventual stalemate

Zimmerman Telegram

The telegram sent from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance that was intercepted by the U.S and resulted in their joining of WW1

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

France, Britain, Russia, Italy, U.S, and 21 other countries

Total War

When a nation mobilizes entire society to win a war (Economy and gov)

Big Three

USA, Britain, and France

Fourteen Points

The list of terms for resolving WW1 and any future wars, written by Woodrow Wilson

Called for freedom of the seas, free trade, reduction of arms, and the end of secret treaties

Urged the creation of a general association of nations

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty Germany was forced into to end WW1 that made them accept full blame for starting the war, pay $400 billion in reparations, limit the size of their military, and give up both land in Germany and overseas colonies

The Germans resented the treaty and those who created it

Reparations

In WW1, money given to make amends and compensate for all of the hurt Germany had caused

League Of Nations

Agreed to negotiate disputes

Limited power but collective purpose

How did industrialization contribute to the rise of imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries?

The industrial revolution helped the nations strong and centrally governed, leaving them strong and pushing them to become stronger and show off how far they had come

What were the major goals and motives of european imperialism? What were the specific motive imperialism in Africa?

Economic factors - Europeans wanted new sources of raw materials and new markets to sell their goods

Political/Military factors - Europeans wanted navy refueling bases and wanted to stop the expansion of their rivals (increased nationalism)

Humanitarian/Religious factors - Western Europeans believed they were doing their duty of spreading their culture because of its superiority

Social Darwinism - Applying Darwins ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to support racial superiority in human society

Social Darwinism and humanitarian/religious factors were the biggest motives in Africa because they saw them as children in need of guidance

What were the lasting effects of European imperialism in Africa?

New lines were drawn for African countries

African culture and religion was disregarded and white/christian-washed

A new, educated middle class of Africans arose

Female leaders were recognized and accepted

So many Algerians and other Africans were murdered that it was hard to grow their populations again

How did imperialism contribute to the outbreak of WW1

Because of the increase in imperialism, countries wanted more and more land so they could prove themselves as the most powerful

It became a race to be the best, and it sparked many rivalries due to the competition

Imperialism

The policy of a nation seeking to control political and economic affairs of a weaker region

OR

When strong nations take over weaker nations to benefit themselves

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwins ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to justify racial superiority when looking at human society

Berlin Conference

The meeting in Berlin that drew guidelines for conquering Africa for European countries without the presence or consent of any African representatives

What was the industrial revolution?

The process of factories and machines replacing hand tools and local artisan in Britain that eventually began spreading around the world

What was working in mines and factories like during the early industrial revolution?

The conditions were harsh and dangerous for the workers

Children and women worked in mines and factories and had to follow rigid schedules with long shifts and bad pay

Workers held protests to beg for better healthcare, pay, and more safety measures, along with child and general labor laws

How did the industrial revolution impact society in Europe? What were the living conditions like? Did people move around?

Because of the revolution, new social classes formed, urbanization and demand for workers increased, workers unions were introduced, and with that came better working conditions and improved labor laws.

Because of the increase of urbanization though, housing crises were common and so people lived in tenements with horrible and unsafe living conditions

How did individuals and the government respond to these industrial changes following the industrial revolution?

They used them to their benefit, they continued to imperialize but with their newfound strength

They wanted to be the best, and so as their countries grew, they were easily able to take advantage of the production and meet all of the peoples needs

During war, the countries that had a strong industrialization era were easily able to supply their troops and have a more efficient war front

Why did Karl Marx establish communism? How does this relate to the industrial revolution?

Marx wanted communism to bring a classless society that provided equally for everyone

He believed that modern class struggle pitted the classes against one another and disliked it

He claimed that the workers would take control of the means of production and set up a communist party

The industrial revolution was hard on the working class and Marx believed that by them rising above everyone, society could restart and there would no longer be inequality or unfairness

Compare and contrast the views of Socialists and Capitalists

Capitalist:

Choice of many parties for the government, all chosen by the people

Any profit they make is a reward for hard work

Free market economy, people make economic decisions

Any person should be free to start a business of employ people

Average standard of living is higher than communism, but classes can differ greatly

Socialism:

People were thought of as a whole instead of private individuals

Government regulates production and distribution of goods

People all benefit, not just some

Goal is equality of goods, resources, property

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Communism

A political and economic system in which the government owns all property and makes all economic decisions

Capitalism

An economic system in which there is private ownership of the means of production where both individuals and businesses own property and make economic decisions on their own

Socialism

System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses

Karl Marx

A german political thinker whose ideas became the foundation for communism

He originally believed that communism would bring a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in common for the good of all, but it didn't really end up like that

Hitlers blitzkrieg tactics…

Allowed Germany to take over much of Europe by 1940

The U.S strategy of island hopping in the Pacific…

Allowed the U.S to gradually move toward Japan

Order Of Events:

D-Day

Germany fails to take over Britain

U.S drops atomic bombs on Japan

Battle of Stalingrad ends

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Germany invades and takes over France

Hitler annexes Austria

Germany invades Poland

Hitler annexes Austria

Germany invades Poland

Germany invades and takes over France

Germany fails to take over Britain

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Battle of Stalingrad ends

D-Day

U.S drops atomic bombs on Japan

What region was referred to as the powder keg of Europe?

The Balkan Peninsula