Physical Development: Anatomy, Physiology, and Body Systems

A complete set of vocabulary terms covering human anatomy, physiology, and various body systems based on the lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the building of the body: organs, bones, tissues, and how they are connected to each other.

Physiology

The study of the working of living parts: how organs, muscles, nerves, and hormones function.

Cell

The smallest living particle of the body, consisting of the cell membrane, protoplasm, cell nucleus, nuclear membrane, nuclear plasma, and nucleoli.

Aging process (cells)

The result of cells dying off and being replaced less frequently as a person gets older.

Skeletal Functions

Provides firmness, protects organs (skull, rib cage, spine, pelvis), and creates blood cells in the bone marrow.

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that you can control yourself, such as the biceps and triceps.

Involuntary muscles

Muscles that work automatically, such as those in the intestines, heart, and those used for breathing.

Blood plasma

A component of blood made of $90\%$ water, nutrients, waste products, and plasma proteins.

Red blood cells

Cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin, which are produced and broken down in the bone marrow.

White blood cells

Cells responsible for defense against pathogens; they are few in number but double quickly when harmful substances are active.

Bilirubin

A yellowish bile pigment transported by the liver to the bile, which turns brown in the digestive tract and colors the stool.

Blood platelets

Components of the blood responsible for blood clotting.

Heart structure

An organ that circulates $5\,\text{liters}$ of blood, consisting of a left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle.

Small circulation

The pathway where blood flows from the Heart (\rightarrow) lungs (\rightarrow) heart to absorb oxygen.

Large circulation

The pathway where blood flows from the Heart (\rightarrow) body (\rightarrow) heart to deliver oxygen.

Arteries (Slagaders)

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart, characterized by thick walls and a felt pulse.

Veins (Aders)

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart, characterized by thin walls and the presence of valves.

Capillaries (Haarvaten)

Small blood vessels where the exchange of substances takes place.

Lymphatic system

A system of vessels spread throughout the body (neck, abdominal cavity, groin, armpits) with nodes that filter pathogens.

Spleen (Milt)

An organ located behind the stomach that provides defense, acts as a blood reservoir, and can cause a 'side stitch' by squeezing extra blood during exertion.

Respiratory process

Inhalation brings oxygen to the alveoli to be absorbed by blood; exhalation removes carbon dioxide from the blood to the outside.

Lung capacity

The total volume of air the lungs can hold, which is $5-6\,\text{liters}$.

Uvula (Huig)

A structure that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.

Small intestine (Dunne darm)

A $6\,\text{meter}$ long organ responsible for the absorption of nutrients.

Duodenum (Twaalfvingerige darm)

The site of substance exchange with the liver and pancreas that also regulates the amount of food moving from the stomach to the intestines.

Large intestine (Dikke darm)

A $1.5\,\text{meter}$ long organ responsible for water absorption and forming stool.

Sensory nerves

Nerves that transport stimuli toward the brain.

Motor nerves

Nerves that transport commands from the brain to the muscles.

Central nervous system

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.

Pituitary gland (Hypofyse)

A gland that produces growth hormone and directs other glands in the hormonal system.

Pancreas (Alvleesklier)

A gland that regulates blood sugar using insulin (to lower it) and glucagon (to raise it).

Thyroid (Schildklier)

A gland that produces thyroxine to regulate metabolism.

Adrenal glands (Bijnieren)

Glands that produce adrenaline during stress or physical exertion.