ANAPHY - Skeletal System

skeletal system

Interconnected system of bones ligaments and tendons

skeletal system

Body’s central framework

skeletal system

Provide support structure and protection for body and internal organs; Maintains the shape of the body, allows movement, makes the blood cells, and stores minerals (i.e., calcium)

skeletal system

composed of bones along w/ cartilage, tendons and ligaments

206 bones

number of bones in adults

bones

composed of about 50% water and 50% a solid, calcified, rigid substance known as osseous tissue

articulation

a manner in w/c the parts come together at a joint

support, protection, hematopoiesis

functions of skeletal system

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

5 types of bones

long bone

found in the limbs and is cylindrical in shape

long bone

type of bone that has wall that consists of dense tissue

medullary canal

central canal in the long bone that is filled with marrow

red bone marrow

a marrow cavity that produces the blood cells

yellow bone marrow

a marrow cavity that stores fat

hyaline cartilage

part of the bone that prevents friction and absorbs shock

endosteum

found inside the bone; the lining of medullary which contains the bone marrows

diaphysis

shaft of the bone

epiphysis

end of the bone

periosteum

covering of the bone; nutrients are found here

spongy bone

soft bone

compact bone

hard and solid bone

arthritis

mainly caused by loss of hyaline cartilage

short bone

found in bones where strength, compactness, and limited movement are desired

short bone

Thin layer of compact bone covered with spongy bone

flat bone

Used in spots where protection or muscular attachment is desired

flat bone

Main locations are skull and scapula

flat bone

Thin curved spongy bone

irregular bone

Bones which don’t fit into other categories due to irregular shapes

irregular bone

Bones that we cannot determine the shape

short bone

found in the tarsals and the carpals

irregular bone

type of bone that is found in the vertebrae, sphenoid, hyoid

sesamoid

Usually small and round bones

sesamoid

type of bone that is developed inside the tendons and found near the joints of the knees

sesamoid

type of bone that is embedded within tendons adjacent to joints

sesamoid

bone found in the patella

fetal skeleton

processed during embryo development

cartilage

the fetal skeleton begins mainly as …

utero

the fetal skeleton will calcify in …

fontanels

this remains in the fetal skeleton after birth

fontanels

two major soft spots on the top of the head

18-25

age when bone growth stops

clavicle

first bone to ossify in the developing embryo

osteogenesis

process of bone formation that starts in the 6th/7th week of embryo development

ossification

Bone production process gives bone extreme tensile and compressional strength

low bone density

low calcium =

nutrition

a factor that contributes to bone growth through calcium consumption

calcitonin

increased blood calcium triggers release of …

osteoblasts

the release of calcitonin causes uptake of calcium by …

parathyroid hormone

decrease in calcium triggers release of …

osteoclast

release of parathyroid hormone triggers … to release calcium in blood

exposure to sunlight

a factor which contributes to bone growth through UV light on the skin that causes Vitamin D production

small intestine

exposure to sunlight promotes proper absorption of calcium in the …

hormonal secretion

a factor that contributes to bone growth thru human growth hormone

somatotropin

promotes growth rate and is secreted by anterior pituitary gland

epiphysis

where the bone grows

epiphyseal plate

growth hormones stimulate activity in the …

physical activity

a factor that contributes to bone growth by increasing physical exertion on bone tissue which also increases bone density and strength

lacunae

osteocytes are found in this cavity

osteocytes

primary bone cell

osteoblasts

constantly producing new bone tissue

osteogenic

stem cells for bone repair and growth

osteoclasts

clean out old bone tissue by breaking it down

resorption

a process that breaks down the old bone tissue

osteoclasts

causes holes or tunnels in bone which osteoblasts then fill in with calcium and phosphate compounds

simple fracture

also called closed fracture; the bone breaks cleanly, and does not penetrate skin

compound fracture

Bone breaks completely; Bone ends protrude through skin

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments; this is common in the elderly

compression fracture

Bone is crushed and is common in porous bones; seen in vertebrae of osteoporosis

depression fractures

Broken bones are forced inward; common in skull fractures

impacted fracture

Broken bone ends are forced into each other; common in falls

spiral fracture

Occurs from excessive twisting force on bone; common in sports injuries

greenstick fracture

Bone breaks incompletely; Common in children due to more collagen in bones

repairing fracture

a cast is usually applied to immobilize the bone; healing begins

closed reduction

bones are eased back into alignment and “reset”

open reduction

bones are surgically reset using screws or wires

hematoma

forms from ruptured blood vessels

axial and appendicular

divisions of the skeletal system

axial skeleton

central skeleton that protects and supports vital organs; support body along central axis

appendicular skeleton

skeleton of the extremities

axial skeleton

Composed of skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

80 bones

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Mainly flat and irregular bones; Serve to protect organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs

skull

protects the brain

vertebrae

these protect spinal cord ;also serve to keep skeleton upright

ribs and sternum

these protect lungs and heart ; give intercostal muscles a hard surface to move against for breathing

29 bones

how many bones are in the skull

8

how many cranial bones do we have

14

how many facial bones do we have

8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, 1 hyoid bone, 6 auditory bones

what makes up the bones in the skull

cranium or cranial bones

collection of 8 bones which hold and protect brain

frontal bone

makes up forehead, eyebrows, and superior section of eye orbital

(2) parietal bone

form most of the superior and lateral walls of cranium

(2) temporal bone

lie inferior to parietal bones

occipital bone

forms back and floor of cranium; foramen magnum (large hole) allows spinal cord to meet brain

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital, 2 parietal, 2 temporal

the 8 cranial bones

viscerocranium

other term for facial bones

facial bones

14 bones that make up the face; all are paired except for 2 bones

mandible and vomer

2 facial bones that has no pair

nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, 1 mandible, 1 vomer

the facial bones

mandible

lower jaw bone