SKELETAL SYSTEM PATHO

BUTTERFLY VERTEBRA

• is a congenital defect of a vertebra that produces the radiographic appearance of a butterfly on an
  AP projection.

• Most are of no significance but they do have the potential for causing instability or altering the shape of the spinal canal.

• accidental finding

• unfused vertebral body

SUPERNUMERARY (EXTRA) RIBS

• Cervical Rib

• An extra rib arising from the 7th cervical vertebra (C7)

• Most common type of extra rib

• May cause:

• Compression of nerves or vessels → thoracic outlet syndrome

LUMBARIZATION (LUMBARIZED S1)

• The first sacral vertebra (S1) acts like a lumbar vertebra

• Appears as an extra lumbar segment (6 lumbar vertebrae)
  Key idea:

• Sacrum becomes less fused / more mobile

• L6

SACRALIZATION (SACRALIZED L5)

• The 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
  fuses with the sacrum

• Results in one less movable lumbar vertebra

Key idea:

• L5 becomes part of the sacrum

OSTEOGENESIS

IMPERFECTA

• A hereditary disorder in which the bones are abnormally soft and fragile.

• Insufficient amounts of a protein called type I collagen which plays an important role in bone formation.

• lacks of type I collagen (responsible for foundation and framework of bone)

• Blue Sclera - symptom

OSTEOPOIKILOSIS

• multiple small dense spot

• A benign (non-cancerous)
  bone condition

• Characterized by multiple small dense spots in the bones

Cause

• Usually genetic (inherited)

• Due to abnormal bone development

PROBLEM

• location of bones

Radiographic Appearance

• Multiple small, round or oval white spots (sclerotic lesions)

• Symmetrical and evenly distributed

• Located near joint areas

PECTUS CARINATUM

• Protrusion of the sternum and ribs.

• Chondro-manubrial (manubrium)

• Chondro-gladiolar (body of sternum/gladiolar

Pectus Excavatum

• sunken chest

Scoliosis

Exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine; levoscoliosis/dextroscoliosis.

Kyphosis

• abnormally rounded upper back.
  "Humpback"

• Thoracic and sacral

Lordosis

• spine curves significantly inward at the lower back. "swayback"

• Cervical and lumbar

KYPHOSIS

"CONCAVE"

Exaggerated posterior convexity and anterior concavity.

LORDOSIS

"CONVEX"

• exagg anterior concavity and anterior convexity

OSTEOPOROSIS

• imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast

• porous bone

• Loss of bone density.

• Reduction in bone mass that makes patients with this condition susceptible to fracture formation
  Common method to diagnose:

• DEXA scan

Radiographic Appearance:

• long bones demonstrating thin cortex

Osteomalacia

• soft bones

• lack of vit D (no binding of calcium to bone)

• Softening of the bones due to vit. D deficiency

• Rickets in children

Radiographic Appearance:

• muddy look

Osteomyelitis

-caused by microorganisms

• Inflammation of bone due to pyogenic infection.

• This condition is the result of a bacterial bone infection that causes bone destruction and abscess formation.

Radiographic Appearance:

• soft tissue swelling and loss of fat pad detail.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Cause:

• autoimmune

• attacks synovium (joints)

• 5th MCP joint is the first

• Chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissues.

• Three times more common in female.

Radiographic Appearance:

• Closed joint spaces with subluxation of MCP joint

Gout

• DISEASE OF KINGS

• Rich man's disease

• Podagra disease

• Excess uric acid deposited in the blood, kidneys, and joints; common initial attack in the 1st MTP joint of the foot.

Radiographic Appearance:

ouric acid deposits in joint space

OSTEOPETROSIS

• MARBLE BONE DISEASE

• Osteoclast do not function

• high osteoblast = high mineral density

• Increase density of atypically soft bone.

  Radiographic Appearance:

  • Chalky white or opaque appearance

Osteoarthritis

• DJD

• thinning of arterial cartilage

• A non-inflammatory disease that is characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with bone formation.

• Considered normal part of aging process.

Radiographic Appearance: o narrowing of joint space

CHONDROMALACIA

• Runner’s knee

• Refers to softening of the cartilage under the patella,

Radiographic Appearance:

o possible misalignment of patella

Osteolytic Tumor

• abnormal/hyperactive osteoclast

• moth eaten

• cancer cell

• hole cavity

osteoblastic tumor

• hyoeractive osteoblast

• sclerotic lesion