Biology- Bacteria, Archaea, & Viruses Flashcards

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

What do prokaryotes not have?

nucleus and membrane - bound organelles

What are cell walls made of in bacteria?

peptidoglycan

What are cell walls made made of in archaea, and does archaea always have cell walls?

different compounds, no

What are rod-shaped bacteria called?

bacillus

What are round - shaped bacteria called?

coccus

What are spiral-shaped bacteria called?

spirillum

How does bacteria reproduce?

by binary fission

What is binary fission?

when cells reproduce by dividing in half

What is an endospore?

a hard, protective covering inside the cell over the DNA and ribosomes

What does the endospore allow?

some bacteria to survive in a dormant state even in very extreme conditions

Is it possible for a bacteria to be an autotroph or a heterotroph?

Yes

What are the two groups of autotrophs?

lithotrophs and phototrophs

What do lithotrophs obtain energy from?

minerals

What do phototrophs obtain energy from?

the Sun

What are phototrophs that obtain energy from the sun called?

Cyanobacteria

What are most archaea?

extremophiles

What does “philia” mean?

love

What do extremophiles thrive in?

environments most organisms would consider extreme

What do thermophiles thrive in?

extremely hot environments

Example of a thermophile.

Staphilothermus marinus

What do halophiles thrive in?

extremely salty environments

Example of halophile.

Halococcus salifodinae

What kind of an environment do thermoacidophiles thrive in?

extremely hot and acidic

Example of a thermoacidophile.

Sulfolobus

What kind of an environment does a methanogen thrive in?

oxygen-free environments

Example of a methanogen.

Methanosarcena rumen

What do methanogens break down?

sugars without oxygen

What do methanogens produce while breaking down sugars without oxygen?

methane

What can methanogens live in?

swamp, sewage, or landfill

Many bacteria are helpful and even ( ) for human life.

necessary

How does bacteria “fix” nitrogen?

by converting it from a gas into a compound that can be used by plants

What do decomposers help recycle in the environment?

nutrients

Wyay does bacteria help us digest?

food

How many bacteria can cause disease?

a small number

What is a pathogen?

an organism that causes disease

What do pathogens produce in the process?

toxins harmful to humans

1 example of how to prevent pathogens.

cook food thoroughly

Can a virus have dna or rna?

yes

What does a virus need to reproduce?

a host cell

Is it possible for viruses to adapt?

yes

What are viruses?

Non-cellular microbes that cause disease by invading cells

What do all viruses contain?

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

Capsid – protein coat

What do some viruses have an envelope of?

fat and protein

Name the 2 reproductive cycles used by viruses.

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Do both reproductive cycles for viruses need a cell host?

yes

Name 4 diseases caused by viruses.

Cold/Flu

Chicken Pox

AIDS

Ebola

What is the most effective way to prevent viral infections?

vaccines

What is injected into the body when you get a vaccine?

a dead or weakened virus

What does your body create after getting a vaccine and how is that product helpful?

antibodies, which help immune system recognize and fight the virus

What does a vaccine make you immune to?

infection