Bio Adv: Unit 1 Test Study Guide

"What is the definition of truth according to the notes?"

"The way things really are; also includes interpretations, beliefs, and perceptions."

"How can truth be known, and how is it characterized in terms of context?"

"By direct experience or revelation from God; it is often tied to context, perspective, and personal/cultural values rather than being strictly verifiable."

"Give an example of a statement considered a truth in the notes."

"God created the world in 7 days (or 'God made the world')."

"What is the definition of a fact?"

"Objective pieces of information that can be verified through evidence; statements about reality that are observable and measurable."

"Give an example of a fact provided in the notes."

"Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level."

"What is the definition of a scientific theory?"

"A mental model or representation that accounts for a larger number of scientific facts in an organized way."

"When is a scientific theory judged to be successful?"

"When it is repeatedly tested and shown to be consistent with current facts."

"Why are widely accepted scientific theories described as provisional?"

"Because they are always subject to change as new information becomes known."

"What is the definition of a hypothesis?"

"Not a guess, but an informed prediction, based on a particular scientific theory."

"How are hypotheses tested and what do the test results do?"

"They are tested by experiments; results provide evidence that either supports or fails to support the hypothesis, strengthening or weakening it."

"What is the definition of an experiment?"

"A procedure where a hypothesis is tested to provide evidence that either does or does not support the hypothesis."

"What is the core principle regarding God and science in Notes 1?"

"God is NOT the 'gaps'; we do not say God is found in the gaps of our knowledge."

"Does developing new scientific theories disprove God? What example is given?"

"No, deeper understanding does not disprove God; for example, the Catholic Church is not against the concept of Evolution."

"What is science investigating in relation to God?"

"Science investigates the natural world to understand the order and laws God established, leading to a deeper understanding of God."

"What safety rule applies to following instructions in the lab?"

"Follow directions given by the instructor."

"What safety rule applies to lab preparation?"

"Come prepared for lab."

"What safety rule applies to keeping the work environment clean?"

"Keep work area clean and tidy at all times."

"What is the lab safety rule regarding working by yourself?"

"Never work alone in the laboratory."

"What is the lab safety rule regarding alertness?"

"Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory."

"When must safety goggles be worn in the lab?"

"Whenever chemicals, heat, or glassware are in use."

"What must be done with long hair in the lab?"

"Long hair must be tied back, especially near flames."

"What is the lab rule regarding consumption of food and drink?"

"Do not eat, drink, or chew gum in the laboratory."

"How should chemical waste be handled in the lab?"

"Dispose of all chemical waste properly."

"What is the exact procedure if a chemical splashes in your eyes or on your skin?"

"Immediately flush with running water for at least 15 minutes."

"How should broken glass be handled in the lab?"

"Never handle broken glass with your bare hands."

"What must be done to containers used for chemical transport?"

"Label the containers used for chemical transport."

"What must you do at the very end of a lab?"

"Wash your hands at the end of the lab."

"What is the definition of the scientific method?"

"A process of inquiry involving observations, questions, hypotheses, predictions, and tests of predictions via experiments and analysis of information gathered."

"What are the 7 explicit steps of the Scientific Method in Notes 2?"

"1. Observation/Asking a Question/Background Research 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Design a controlled experiment 4. Record and analyze results 5. Draw conclusions 6. Revise hypothesis (if necessary) and repeat 7. Share your results."

"What required format must be used when forming a hypothesis?"

"The 'If..., then...' format."

"What rule applies to testing hypotheses, and what terms must be avoided?"

"It must be testable; do not use subjective or ambiguous terms like 'best' or 'biggest'."

"Is it acceptable if a hypothesis prediction turns out to be incorrect?"

"Yes, it is fine if you are incorrect."

"What exact example of a hypothesis is provided in Notes 2?"

"If we place one sample of lipase in the freezer and leave the other sample at room temperature, then the sample in the freezer will have less substrate after 24 hours."

"What is the definition of an independent variable?"

"Something I am trying to test in an experimental group."

"What is the definition of a dependent variable?"

"Something I am trying to measure as a result."

"What is the definition of a control group?"

"A group that does not have the independent variable applied; used for comparison at the end."

"What is the definition of constants?"

"Things that remain the same between control and experimental groups."

"In the green light experiment example, what light are the experimental and control groups exposed to?"

"Experimental group plants are exposed only to green light; control group plants are exposed only to 'regular' light."

"Why is using 500 plants per group better than using 2 plants per group in an experiment?"

"Using 500 plants per group will yield better results than 2 plants per group."

"What are the two kinds of data, how are they defined, and what examples are given?"

"Quantitative (quantity, e.g., 5.47 cm) and Qualitative (quality, e.g., plant turned yellow)."

"What is the Cycle of Scientific Enterprise diagram sequence?"

"Theory -> Hypothesis -> Experiment -> Analysis."

"In the Cycle of Scientific Enterprise, what happens if the analysis answer is 'yes'?"

"It leads to a 'new fact'."

"In the Cycle of Scientific Enterprise, what happens if the analysis answer is 'no'?"

"It leads to 'review' — reconsider experimental methods, appropriateness of hypothesis, adequacy of theory."

"How long do we continue the Cycle of Scientific Enterprise, and what happens to theories over time?"

"We continue indefinitely; as we learn more, our theories grow closer and closer to the actual truth."

"What is Step 1 of the 5 Point Conclusion?"

"Restate the purpose and hypothesis ('Why did we do this experiment?')."

"What is Step 2 of the 5 Point Conclusion?"

"Summarize and present key findings using data ('According to our graph/data,' — explain what your data showed)."

"What is Step 3 of the 5 Point Conclusion?"

"State whether the hypothesis was supported (use evidence from your lab)."

"What is Step 4 of the 5 Point Conclusion?"

"Discuss limitations and sources of error."

"What is Step 5 of the 5 Point Conclusion?"

"Propose future research or improvements."

"Why are microscopes essential in biology?"

"They are essential for studying microorganisms and structures too small to be seen with the naked eye."

"How far back does the historical use of magnifying devices go, and what did early devices consist of?"

"Used since ancient Greek times (400 B.C.), consisting of single convex lenses that bend light."

"When were compound light microscopes invented and how do they work?"

"Late 1500s; they feature two or multiple lenses to magnify objects."

"What is the typical magnification range of a compound light microscope?"

"40x to 1000x."

"Who developed the first light microscope to achieve high resolution and magnification, and when?"

"Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s."

"Why was Antony van Leeuwenhoek's microscope development a breakthrough?"

"It revolutionized the study of microorganisms, which were previously unknown to mankind."

"What is the exact resolution limit of a compound light microscope in nanometers and meters?"

"200 nm (nanometers) or $2.0 \times 10^{-7}$ meters."

"Why is the resolution of a light microscope limited?"

"Due to the wavelength range of visible light (400-700 nm), which restricts the minimum distance between objects that can be clearly resolved."

"When were electron microscopes developed, and by whom?"

"1930s; developed by physicists Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll."

"What is the core principle of electron microscopy?"

"Use a beam of high-speed electrons instead of light to create images, relying on particle and wave properties interacting with sample atoms."

"How does a human blood sample appear under a Light Microscope?"

"Stained with special dye to increase contrast; cell boundaries are clearly visible, but other features are not."

"What type of specimen state and image dimension does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce?"

"Imaging of non-living things only; produces 3D images."

"What type of specimen state and image dimension does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) produce?"

"Imaging of non-living things; produces 2D images allowing detailed viewing of organelles."

"Can living things be viewed under a light microscope?"

"Yes, one can watch living things under a light microscope."

"What metric system do scientists globally use, and what common non-metric units are used in the U.S.?"

"Scientists use the SI (metric) system; U.S. uses miles, inches, and feet."

"What does the symbol $\mu$ represent, and what is its common nickname?"

"Represents 'micrometer'; common nickname is 'micron'."

"What is the equivalence statement for $1\ \mu$?"

$1\ \mu\ \text{(micron)} = 1\ \mu\text{m (micrometer)}$.

"Who was the Ångström unit named after?"

"Swedish spectroscopist Anders Jonas Ångström."

"What are the 5 main types of graphs listed in Notes 3?"

"Pie chart, scatter plot, bar graph, histogram, and line graph."

"What data is a Pie Chart best used for?"

"Showing data that represents parts of a whole (percentages) across categories."

"What data is a Scatter Plot best used for, and how are points displayed?"

"Showing relationship between two variables where data points are independent and NOT connected; uses a 'Best-fit line'."

"What data is a Bar Graph best used for?"

"Showing data collected by counting where the dependent variable is categorical, not continuous."

"What data is a Histogram best used for, and how do the bars appear?"

"Showing data grouped into 'bins' or 'chunks'; bars are touching."

"What data is a Line Graph best used for?"

"Showing the change of the dependent variable over a length of time."

"What does each letter in the acronym DRY MIX stand for?"

"D = dependent variable, R = responding variable, Y = y-axis; M = manipulated variable, I = independent variable, X = x-axis."

"What is the mandatory rule for titling a graph?"

"Title it 'Dependent vs. Independent'."

"What do error bars represent on a graph, and what statistical value do they usually show?"

"Represent uncertainty or variation (range) in data; usually represent Standard Deviation."

"What happens to error bars when there are more replicates (data)?"

"The error bars should shrink."

"What does an obvious large overlap in error bars suggest statistically?"

"Suggests the difference in data is NOT statistically significant."

"What does a very small overlap in error bars suggest statistically?"

"Suggests the difference in data may be statistically significant."

"What does NO overlap in error bars suggest statistically?"

"Suggests the difference in data is probably not statistically significant (as stated explicitly in Notes 3 bullet 4)."

"How do living and nonliving matter differ regarding purpose (telos)?"

"Living things act with purpose toward a meaningful endpoint (telos); nonliving matter lacks purpose and responds only to physical processes."

"What three things do living and nonliving matter share in common?"

"Both are composed of matter, use energy, and follow natural laws."

"What are the 6 required characteristics for something to be considered alive?"

"1. Composed of cells and operate on many levels of organization 2. Metabolize 3. Grow, develop, and reproduce 4. Use and transmit genetic information 5. Respond 6. Adapt to their environment."

"What is a cell?"

"Fundamental building block of life, self-contained living factory surrounded by a membrane barrier, containing genetic material."

"What is an atom, what are its subatomic parts, and how many types exist in creation?"

"Fundamental unit of matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons; only 118 types found in creation."

"What is a molecule and how does it form?"

"Made from 2 or more atoms joining together, formed by transferring electrons."

"What is a macromolecule (biomolecule) and what are 4 examples?"

"Consists of many repeating small molecules; examples: carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, proteins."

"What is an organelle and does it qualify as a living thing?"

"Small parts of cells that carry out a specific function (e.g., nucleus); may qualify as a living thing."

"What is a tissue?"

"Consists of many cells of the same type that work together."

"What is an organ?"

"Tissues working together to perform a particular function that benefits the entire body."

"What is an organ system?"

"Groups of organs that work together."

"What is an organism?"

"An individual living being, composed of organs that work together to perform the functions of life."

"What is a population?"

"Group of organisms of the same species that live in a particular region."

"What is a community?"

"Consists of multiple interactions of populations in a particular region."

"What is an ecosystem?"

"A community of living things that interact with nonliving components of their environment."

"What is the biosphere?"

"ALL life on Earth."

"What is the definition of metabolism?"

"Use of matter and energy to power all their processes."

"How does matter move between organisms and the environment during metabolism?"

"Organisms take in matter, return unusable matter as waste, and other organisms transform waste back into usable building blocks."

"What is the definition and function of producers?"

"Harness the sun's energy, storing it in molecules that can then be eaten and used by other organisms (e.g., plants)."

"What is the definition and function of consumers?"

"Eat plants and other animals, which then reuse their matter and stored energy for their own purposes (e.g., humans)."