18/9-The emergence of Court and Country parties

When was the Savoy House Conference?

1661

What was the Savoy House Conference?

an attempt to reach a compromise at the Restoration between Presbyterians and Anglicans

What was discussed at the Savoy House Conference? (2)

the role of bishops and the prayer book

Why did the Savoy House Conference not work?

negotiations broke down

Which parliament imposed a rigid church?

cavalier parliament

Under the cavalier parliament, how was the church made more rigid? (5)

bishops were reinstated in the house of lords, 1000 Presbyterian ministers resigned or were removed, MPs were ordered to take communion by Anglican rite, removed non-anglicans, persecuted Catholics and Protestant dissenters

How many Presbyterian ministers resigned or were removed as a result of the church becoming more rigid?

1000

Why was there still large-scale dissent after the church was made more rigid? (2)

CofE couldn't claim to represent the nation, church couldn't enforce its will effectively

Why couldn't the church enforce its will effectively? (2)

removal of court of high commission, decline of diocesan courts

Why did some of the local elite not enforce conformity? (2)

they were dissenters or sympathetic to dissenters

In which areas was dissent stronger after the Restoration?

urban areas

Which areas remained more typically Anglican after the Restoration?

rural areas

When was the Lords' bill?

1662

What did the Lords' bill attempt to do?

repeal some of the laws against the Catholics

What was in the Lords' bill?

allowed Catholic priests to register with the secretary of state

Who supported the Lords' bill?

Charles II

Who did not support the Lords' bill?

the general public! (so it failed in the Lords and Commons)

What was Charles' attitude towards Protestant dissenters?

fluctuated

When was the Northern Rising?

1663

What was the Northern Rising?

a plot to overthrow the government in which around 50 radicals and Republicans gathered across Yorkshire with plans to coordinate with rebels from Ireland and Scotland

When was the Conventicle Act?

1664

What led to the introduction of the Conventicle Act?

the Northern Rising

What was the 1664 Conventicle Act?

stated that the religious meetings of five or more people were forbidden

What was the punishment for disobeying the Conventicle Act?

fine, and could lead to transportation into exile if done three times

When was the Five Mile Act?

1665

What led to the Five Mile Act?

the Second Dutch War

What was the Five Mile Act?

any preacher or teacher who refused to compulsory oaths couldn't go within five miles of any town or parish where they had taught

When was the Act of Uniformity?

1662

What was the Act of Uniformity?

laid down the form of public prayers and other cofe rites that had to be followed

When was the second Conventicle Act?

1670

What was the second Conventicle Act?

reinforced the persecution of dissenters

When was the clarendon code?

1661

Why was the name of the clarendon code ironic?

because clarendon (and the king) wanted a broader church settlement but the clarendon code restricted the church

What were the four acts of the clarendon code?

Corporation act, act of uniformity, conventicle act, five mile act

When was the corporation act?

1661

What was the corporation act?

prevented someone from holding office in a corporation unless they accepted the terms of the restored cofe

Who had effective control of the Restoration church?

parliament

When were comprehension bills drafted by individual MPs? (2)

1667 and 1668

What was a comprehension bill?

attempt to broaden the established church to allow a greater range of dissenters to come within cofe

Why were comprehension bills drafted in 1667 and 1668 not presented to the commons?

commons was predominantly against broadening church settlement

When was the Compton census?

1676

Who ordered the Compton census?

Danby

What was the Compton census?

showed statistics on dissenter numbers

How many dissenters were indicated in the Compton Census?

100,000 (population of 2.25 million)

What was the actual estimate for the number of dissenters (more than was shown by the Compton Census)?

between 200,000 and 300,000

How did the interregnum and restoration change the nature of dissent?

became less militant

How did the interregnum and restoration make dissenters less militant?

turned from focusing on outwards political or religious changes and to practicing their faith privately

How did many protestant dissenters interpret the restoration of the monarch?

as God's judgement on them for failing to establish godly rule after 1649

When did the 1664 conventicle act expire?

1668

What did Charles II do about the expired conventicle act in 1668?

nothing! didn't seek to have it renewed

Why did Charles II not seek to have the 1664 conventicle act renewed when it expired in 1668?

wanted a more comprehensive church

What was the Commons' reaction to Charles not seeking to renew the conventicle act?

refused to grant a subsidy of £300,000

When did the commons refuse to grant Charles a subsidy because he didn't seek to renew the conventicle act?

1669

What was the effect of the commons refusing to grant Charles a subsidy in 1669?

Charles allowed a more rigid conventicle act in return for parliamentary funds

When did Charles allow a more rigid conventicle act in return for parliamentary funds (after he had not had it renewed and the commons refused to grant a subsidy)?

1670

When did Charles II issue a declaration of indulgence in England?

15 March 1672

What was in Charles' declaration of indulgence in 1672?

stated his suspending power in relation to all penal laws against Catholics and dissenters

What is a suspending power?

prerogative to suspend operation of any law

Why were people suspicious of Charles II's declaration of indulgence in 1672?

suspicious of his intentions with Catholics, especially due to his alliance with Catholic France against the Dutch

What did Parliament say about Charles II's declaration of indulgence in 1672?

said it was unconstitutional

Why did Charles withdraw the declaration of indulgence?

in order to continue to get parliamentary funds after parliament called in unconstitutional

When did Charles issue the Test Act?

1673

Why did Charles have to issue the Test Act in 1673?

in order to keep getting parliamentary funds after parliament called the declaration of indulgence unconstitutional

When Danby came to power how was the church settlement changed?

reverted to a more rigid religious policy and there were no new moves towards toleration

Though Charles II's attitude towards dissenters fluctuated, what was his general inclination towards them?

to persecute not tolerate

Why was Charles II particularly harsh towards the Quakers?

appeared to present a great threat, were very radical in the civil wars

When was the Quaker act?

1662

What was the Quaker act?

outlined a series of punishments for quakers, ranging from fines to transportation

How many Quakers died in prison under Charles' regime?

450 (at least)

How many Quakers suffered from either fines, imprisonment or transportation?

15,000 (at least)

When was the height of religious persecution under Charles II?

1670s and 1680s

How many dissenters died in the 1670s and 1680s as a result of persecution?

several thousand

What was the effect of defeat on Protestant dissenters?

made them more passive

How did the Quaker movement change in the 1660s?

went from supporting armed struggles to being a more or less pacifist movement

Why did the Quakers become more pacifist?

they came increasingly under the influence of George Fox, who underwent a spiritual nervous breakdown in 1659 and 1660

When did the Quakers issue their first declaration of "absolute pacifism"?

1661

Why did the Quakers issue their declaration of "absolute pacifism" in 1661? (2)

they were disillusioned after their political action failed to have any impact, and was an act of self-preservation

Why did dissent have a limited appeal after the Restoration? (3)

only a few could manage the level of spiritual commitment needed, emphasis on the Bible excluded the illiterate from engaging, sermons were too long for ordinary people

How was Anglicanism less demanding than dissenting sects?

involved activity from the congregation and repetitive nature made it more accessible

What was Latitudinarianism?

belief that reason and personal judgement were more useful than church doctrine

How did Latitudinarianism affect both Anglicans and dissenters?

lessened their religious fervour

What was the attitude of Latitudinarians to religious tolerance?

were more in favour of wider toleration than the majority Anglican view

How did millenarians view the political events of the time?

as God's actions

How did millenarians react to the Restoration?

with either perplexity or fatalism

Who was the first regicide brought to trial?

Thomas Harrison

How did Harrison defend himself when put on trial for being a regicide?

said it was Parliament that authorised it (this argument was dismissed by the court)

When was Thomas Harrison brought to trial?

1660

What was the result of Thomas Harrison's trial in 1660?

was found guilty and was to be hung, drawn and quartered (traditional death for treason)

When were Henry Vane and John Lambert put on trial?

1662

Why were Henry Vane and John Lambert put on trial?

was to do with their millenarianism

What did Charles do to the jury of Henry Vane's trial to ensure they brought back a guilty verdict?

they weren't allowed food or water until they returned a guilty verdict

What was the result of Lambert's trial?

was imprisoned for 22 years (until he died)

Which of Charles II's courtiers were seen as "debauched"?

Buckingham and the Earl of Rochester

Who were the high-profile Catholics at Charles' court? (4)

Henrietta Maria, Catherine of Braganza, Duke of York, Earl of Bristol

What was the effect of Charles having many high-profile Catholics at his court? (2)

reinforced the idea of popish conspiracy, reinforced doubt about the king's own religious beliefs

Which member of the Cabal was Catholic?

Thomas Clifford

Which member of the Cabal was a Catholic sympathiser?

Earl of Arlington

Was Charles' policies influenced by the Catholics at this court?

no

What was Henrietta Maria's influence at Charles' court?

tried to shape his policies but failed

|n what area were Charles' policies influenced by others?

foreign policy, as he was constantly drawn to Louis 14