Module 5 The Antebellum Era

What was the Missouri Controversy (1819-1820)

1st major disagreement between free states of the north and slave holding states in the south

Why did the south have most of the political power?

-After 3/5 compromise south held most of the power in congress

-Power that the southern states had was called "Slave power"

What was the Missouri Statehood bill

-Missouri could choose if it wanted to be a free state or a slave state

What was the Tallmadge amendment designed to do?

-Designed to halt the spread of slavery

-States Missouri could be added to the union under its current constitution conditionally

-Missouri has to gradually abolish slavery to be in the union

Who negotiated the Missouri compromise?

Henry Clay

What did the Missouri Compromise do?

-Added a slave state (Missouri) and a free state (Maine) to help balance the power

- Added 36 30 parallel (aka Missouri compromise line)

-Slavery will be allowed in states located south of the 36 30 line

-Slaver will not be allowed in the states north of the 36 30 line

When did the Democratic-Republic party split into 2 parties

-Jacksonian Era of American History

-Missouri Compromise

What parties did the Democratic-Republic party split into

democrats and the whigs

What was the Age of the common man

-Americans believed the government was no longer responsive to the needs of the people

-Jacksons was the first president to come from outside the establishment

Who was President during the Missouri Compromise?

-Democratic party

-Routinely exercised his power to veto

-Committed nationalist

-Had a bad temper

-Been in several duals

Who was Vice President during the South Carolina Nullification Crisis?

John C Calhoun

What was the Tariff of Abominations?

the highest tariff ever on foreign imports passed by the federal government

When was the Tariff of Abominations?

1828

Who supported the the Tariff of Abominations?

Northerners

Who opposed the tariff of abominations?

Southerners

What was the result of the Tariff of Abominations?

-Resulted in affected foreign countries placing tariffs on the US

-Hurt the southern economy

-Europe stopped buying US cotton

-Leaders of south Carolina started looking into what to do and criticized the government

What was the South Carolina Exposition & Protest

-A documentWritten anonymously by John C Calhoun to congress

-Claimed the Tariff is unconstitutional and the states can nullify it

Who was Robert Young Hayne?

-Senator for South Carolina

-Later became governor of south carolina

-Supported Tariff nullification

Who was Daniel Webster?

-US Senator for Massachusetts

-Unionist

-Considered the finest debater the country has seen

-Considered nullification resistance, disunion, and succession by force

What did the Protective Tariff of 1832 do?

-Set an expiration date for the tariff of abomination

-Gradually decreased the tariff amount until it was a revenue only tariff

What was the South Carolina Nullification Convention?

-Convention of South Carolina officials that voted unanimously voted to nullify the tariff of abomination and Protective tariff of 1832

-Agreed if federal government tried to enforce the tariffs then South Carolina would succeed

What was the significance of the Proclamation of Andrew Jackson? (1832)

Made succession treason

What was the Force bill? (1832)

Congressional approval to use force against South Carolina to enforce the laws South Carolina wants to nullify

What was the Compromise Tariff? (1833)

Almost the exact same language (verbatim) of the Protective Tariff of 1832

What was the significance of The South Carolina Nullification Crisis?

-Succession was popular idea among white southerners to resist hostile laws passed by the north

-White southerners by the 1830s were growing increasingly concerned about what northern representatives in congress were powerful enough to do

-North passed a law/tariff knowing it would hurt the south

-White southerners became concerned that slavery was vulnerable and under attack

Why did South Carolina want to leave the union

-North passed a law/tariff knowing it would hurt the south

-White southerners became concerned that slavery was vulnerable and under attack

Who started the anti slavery movement?

Quakers

What were Radical Abolitionist against?

Against gradualism, compensation, colonization

What did Radical Abolitionist label slavery and slave supporters?

Labelled slavery and slavery supporters as unamerican, unchristian, and unmoral

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

-Abolitionist, suffragist, and social activist

-Author of The Liberator (1831-1865)
i. Weekly news paper
ii. Featured stories of the horrors of slavery

What was William Lloyd Garrison against?

-Against slaveholder compensation

-Against slave colonization

-Against gradualism

Who was Wendell Phillips?

Abolitionist and suffragist

Who was Fredrick Douglass?

Social Reformer, Former slave

What were the causes of the Texas Revolution?

-Cultural disparities between the majority population of Texas with that of Spain

-Texans feared Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was going to subvert the slavery system established in the province

-Santa Anna wanted to expel Americans out of Texas and arrest and execute resistance/rebel leaders

-Santa Anna starting the Battle of Alamo led other Texas to fight for their independence from Mexico

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo do? (1848)

-Ended the Mexican-American war

-Mexico agrees to cede ownership of over 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States

-The United States agrees to give the Mexican government $15 million for the ceded land

What were the causes of the Mexican-American War?

-Election of 1844
-Resulted in the first dark horse candidate winning
-President Polk expanded west

-Manifest Destiny

-Annexation of Texas

-Boundaries of Texas

What was the significance of the Mexican-American War?

-Most lethal war in American history

-Train the future leaders of the American Civil War

What were the 4 main disagreements during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

-Slavery in the territories of the United States

-Institution of Slavery in our Capital

-Fugitive Slaves

-Entry of California as a state

What was the Northerners view of Slavery in the territories of the United States?

-Believed Slavery shouldn't be allowed to expand to new territories added after the war

-Believed principally slavery should not expand

What was the Southerns view of Slavery in the territories of the United States?

John Calhoun Senate resolutions

-Believed the territories were common property and belonged to everyone

-Believed prohibiting slavery in the territories was discriminatory against slave owners

-Believed preventing citizens from emigrating with their property was unconstitutional

-Believed principally slavery should expand

Who led the North during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

Led by David Wilmot US Rep of Pennsylvania

Who led the South during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

John C Calhoun

How did Northerners try to prevent Slavery from expanding in the territories of the United States?

-Tried to attach Wilmot Proviso to funding bill for war

-Wilmot Proviso prevented funding for war unless slavery was prohibited from expanding

Who was Lewis Cass?

Michigan Senator

What solution did Lewis Cass offer during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

-Suggested popular sovereignty

-Let the people moving to the territories decide to allow or prohibit slavery

Why were fugitive slaves and slave laws a major disagreement during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

-Required every state and every American to capture runaway slaves and help return them to their master

-Implicates Northerners by federal law

What was a result of the Underground Railroad?

-southerners wanted stronger fugitive slave laws

Why was the Entry of California as a state a major disagreement during the Sectional Crisis of the 1840s?

-California was gonna be a free state

-Southern congress leaders blocked California's entry to the union

What was the Nashville Convention?

-Convention centered around 4 principal disagreements

-Every southern state threatened to succed from the union

What was the result of the Compromise of 1850?

-Allowed California to enter as a free state

-Slave Trade was prohibited in Washington D.C.

-Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
a. South got stronger fugitive slave laws

-Popular sovereignty would apply to the Mexican cession territory
a. Settlers who move to the territory can decide to prohibit or allow slavery

-Compromise of 1850 satisfied most Americans

What was the significance of Uncle Toms Cabin?

-Reading the stories showed how dangerous it was to be a slave

-Humanized slaves

-Sensitized an entire generation of northerners to slavery

Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?

Daughter from The Beecher family was family was heavily involved in the underground railroad

Who was Stephan A Douglas?

-Aka Little giant

-US Senator (Illinois)

-By the mid 1850s he was the most famous politician from the North

What were the Souths demands for the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

-Repeal 35/30 parallel

-Wanted smaller Kansas Territory

-Wanted Nebraska Territory

-Wanted popular sovereignty applied to territories

What was the result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

-Marked the death of the Whig Party

-Northern Whigs joined the free soil party

-Together they created the modern day republican party

Who was the main protagonists in Bleeding Kansas 1856

John Brown

What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A Douglas

Who was Abraham Lincoln during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

-Republican US Senate Candidate (IL)

What were Abraham Lincolns arguments during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

-Wrote the House Divided Speech

a. Believed the government couldn't endure being half slave and half free

b. Basically told voters in the north if he wasn't elected slavery would spread

Who was Stephen A Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

-Senator from IL

-Democrat

-Most Famous politician in the country

What were Stephen A Douglas arguments during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

-Announced the Freeport doctrine

a. Believed popular sovereignty was the way

b. Since no laws prohibited or protected slavery slave owners wont want to move there

c. Investment and property security was uncertain

What was the significance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates for Lincoln?

a. Debated propelled him into the nation spotlight

b. Debate was over the biggest national issues at the time

c. Debates was publicized all over the country

d. Northerners considered him a rising party for the republican party

e. Southerners considered him a enemy of the south

What was the significance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates for Douglas?

Voters believed he wasn't in favor of the Dred Scott decision

Who raided Harpers Ferry

John Brown

Who were the Secret Six?

a. Co-Conspirators of John Brown

Who were the Presidential Candidates for the Election of 1860

1. John Bell
a. 3rd party
b. Constitutional unionist
i. Would be considered moderates in modern times

2. Stephen A Douglas
a. Nominated by Northern Democrats

3. John C Breckenridge
a. Nominated by the Southern Democrats

4. William H Steward
a. Former Whig
b. NY Senator
c. Joined the Republic party

5. Abraham Lincoln
a. Nominated by Republican party

What was the South Carolina Ordinance of Succession?

South Carolina was the first to succeed

What states left the union of the first wave of Secession?

1. South Carolina
2. Georgia
3. Alabama
4. Mississippi
5. Florida
6. Louisiana
7. Texas

What was the significance of the Crittenden Compromise? (even though it failed)

i. Reinstate the Missouri Compromise line and extend it to the west

ii. North and south agreed to add a constitution amendment that slavery would be protected in the states it already exist

iii. Lincoln would agree to the new amendment but not slavery expanding with the Missouri compromise

Who Negotiated the Crittenden Compromise?

i. John C Crittenden
Kentucky Senator

What did the North do in attempt to minimize the effect of the South by restricting slavery from the territories of the United States between 1820 and 1860?

3/5th compromise

What failed to preserve the Union in late 1860 after it was rejected by Republicans for allowing slavery to expand to a portion of the territories of the United States?

Crittenden Compromise

What resulted in, among other things, the entrance of California to the union, the passage of a stronger Fugitive Slave Law, and the prohibition of the salve trade in Washington D.C.

Compromise of 1850

What was negotiated by Henry Clay as a mean of easing tension between North and South

-Missouri Compromise

-Compromise of 1850

-Compromise Tariff of 1833

What applied the principal of popular sovereignty to the territories of the Mexican cession, Which only prolonged the sectional disagreement over slavery in the territories?

Compromise of 1850

What bisected the territory of the Louisiana Purchase at the 36' 30" parallel and prohibited slavery in the northern portion, until it was repealed in 1854?

Missouri Compromise

What eased tensions between the federal government and the state of South Carolina, thus preventing a civil war?

Compromise Tariff of 1833

What proposed a constitutional amendment guaranteeing slavery in the states it already existed and reinstatement of the Missouri Compromise line extended the Pacific Ocean?

Crittenden Compromise

What resulted in the entrance of the State of Maine in 1820 as a means of maintaining political balance in the US Senate between North and South

Missouri Compromise

Which of the following items resulted in the seccession of seven slaveholding states in the South in late 1860, early 1861?

Election of 1860

What resulted in the first ever "darkhorse" candidate for the president of the United States to win the general election, and is considered a major cause of the Mexican-American war

Election of 1844

What repealed the Missouri Compromise in 1854, which reignited the national debate over slavery's expansion to the territories of the United States?

Kansas Nebraska Act

What resulted in a near decade long (1836 - 1845) debate between North and South over the annexation of a former Mexican Province to the United States on account it would expand slavery?

Texas Revolution

What denied free African Americans the rights and privileges afforded to citizens of the United States in the constitution?

Dred Scott Decision

What resulted in the first clash between North and South over the expansion of slavery to the territories of the United States?

Missouri Crisis

What resulted in the collapse of the Whig party and the emergence of the Republican Party in the Northern United States

Kansas

What did the Tenure of Office Act do? (March 2nd, 1867)

-Made it illegal for Presidents fire cabinet members without approval by congress
-After Johnson fired the secretary of war congress filed to impeach Johnson

What did the 14th Amendment do

· Provided a clear definition of what a US Citizen is whether born or naturalized
· Guarantee equal protection of the laws
· Nullified the Black codes
· Prevented former insurrectionist from voting and holding office

What is the Freedmen's Bureau?

· Government agency that helped former slaves adjust to being free

What did the Freedmen's Bureau do?

· Provided lawyers and legal advice
· Help file legal documents
· Provided food provisions/rations
· Do more/right for former slaves

What was discovered by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction

· Some southern states are refusing to ratify the 13th amendment
· Some former slave states were implementing "Black codes" (1865 - 1868)

What are black codes?

· State laws that were designed to control and regulate every aspect of former slaves lives

What did Black codes do?

· prevented formers slaves to have certain occupations
· didn't allowed black to own firearms
· restricted where former slaves could live
· Arrested former slaves for Vagrancy