sinuses

brachydont

• what type of teeth

• where is the crown

• where is the root embedded

• low crowned teeth

• carnivores

• crown above the gingiva, constricted neck at the gum line and root embedded in the jaw bone

• crown encased in enamel and root in cementum

• deciduous permanent

hypsodont

• high crowned teeth

• continue to erupt throughout life

• eg permanent teeth of horses and cheek teeth of ruminants

aradicular

open rooted

no true root

radicular

closed roots

have roots which close

contact vs occlusal surface

-contact- adjacent teeth touch

occlusal- where opposing teeth touch

horse- incisors

• crowns

• enamel surfaces

• occlusal plane and how this changes relative to the jaw

• what do the roots do

• high crowns

• folded enamel surfaces

• wider occulsal plane than the jaw is structured

• rootes converge

• occlusal plane shifts angle from steep to shallow relative to the jaw

pig

• incisor direction

• what do canines present as and for what reason

• features of p/m

• incisors project rostrally

• canines present as continuously erupting tusks for digging and tearing

• P/M have rounded cusps for crushing and grinding

homodont vs heterodont

homo- teeth around same shape

hetero- teeth have different form and functions in different parts of tooth ro

monophydont vs polyphydont

mono- one set of teeth for life

poly- multiple

dental formulae

• indicate number of tpe of tooth for a given species

dog

• eruption times

• brachycephalic- what do they lack, feature of their roots

• type of teeth?

• eruption times differ between breeds

• gums recede with age

• brachycephalic dogs do not possess all canine cheek teeth, some teeth may have fused roots

• carnasial teeth- in carnivores and for processing food

horse

• continuous and considerable wear

• surfaces enlarged

• higher crowns

• delayed dev of roots

• complex folding of enamel

canines in horses

• rudimentary in diastema

• root is bigger than crown

pre molars in horses

• vestigial wolf teeth

• p and m form continuous surface

• very high wear

• erupt continuously

• upper wider than lower

horse incisors

• crown

• enamel surfaces

• roots

• high crowns

• folded enamel surfaces

• roots converge

rodents and lagomorpjhs

• reduced number of teeth- no canines and very large diastema

• no pulp cavity so teeth are insensitive- clipping is okay

Ox

• no upper canines or incisors- replaced by a hard fibrous dental pad

• incisors do not erupt continuously

• lower canines very simlar to incisors

• p and m increased size caudally, similar to horse, do not erupt continuously, pronounced enamel ridges

maloclussion

upper and lower teeth do not align

pig

incisors project roastrally

canines present as continually erupting tusks for digging and tearing

p/m have rounded cusps for crushing and grinding

external nose

• features

• where does it extned

• what opens into the area it extends into

• flexible and cartilaginous

• unmodified skin

• extends into vestibule and in these areas covered by mucosa

• nasolacrimal duct opens into this vestiule area

nasal cavities

nasal septum

• where does it run long

• where does it meet

• what does equine nasal cavity meet

• runs along entire length of hard palate

• divides left and right nasal cavities

• bone caudally

• cartilage rostrally

• meets cephalic hard palate

• horse septum attached to entire hard palate length

• horse bigger than dog

• equine nasal cavity thus leads to pharynx

nasal conchae and what is it separated by

• most caudal part almost filled by ethmoid turbinates

• increase complex and sense of smell

• each concha is separated by narrow clefts

• form limits of dorsal,middle, ventral and common meatuses

frontal sinus

where does it open into

via… in horses

• opens into nasal cavity in ethmoid meatus

• via caudal maxillary sinus in horses

maxillary sinus

• where does it open into and where

• what is it associated by

• opens into nasal cavity in caudal/lateral part of upper jaw

• associated with hard palate, sphenoid bones, orbbit and ventral concha

paranasal sinnyses

• where is it connected and how

• what do all domestic species possess

• no..?

• connected to nasal cavty through very small channels

• all domestic species possess frontal and maxillary sinuses

• no contra lateral sinus connection

paranasal sinuses in horse

• features of maxillary sinus- 2 parts

• what is maxillary sinus connected to

• extensive maxillary sinus with caudal and rostral parts

• maxillary sinus is connected to middle nasal meatus

• maxillary sinuses of young horses are almost filled with tooth rots of cheek teeth

• reserve cheeck teeth crowns become shorter with age as the maxillary sinus shrinks