Sociology Exam 2

Socialization

the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of society by describing the way that people come to understand societal norms/expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Self

a persons distinct identity that is developed through social interaction

generalized other

the common behavioral expectation of general society

moral development

the way people learn what society considers to be “good” and “bad”, important for a smoothly functioning society

Preconventional

children experience only through their senses

Conventional

teens and young adults become more aware of others’ feelings and take them into account

postconventional

believe in morality in abstract or universal terms outside of one-to-one relationships

Gilligan’s theory of moral development and gender

• Boys exhibited morality based on justice - focusing on rules and laws

• Girls exhibited a caring and understanding perspective - focusing on empathy and reasons for bad behavior

George Herbert Mead

Self and Generalized Other

Nurture

the relationships and caring that surround us that makes us who we are

Nature

our genetics are setup before birth make us who we are, rather then the environment around us

Agents of Socialization

Family, Media, School, Peers

Peer Group

a group of people who are similar in age and social status, who share the same interests

Hidden Curriculum

the informal teaching does by schools that reinforce societal norms

Anticipatory Socialization

the way adults prepare for future life goals

Resocialization

old behaviors that were helpful in previous role and removed because they are no longer of use, and new relevant behaviors take their place

Degradation Ceremony

new members of an institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new identity

Gender

behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male

Sex

denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

Gender identity

a person’s deeply held perception of one’s gender

Scalia

“the word gender has acquired the new and useful connotation of cultural or attitudinal characteristics (as opposed to physical characteristics") distinctive to the sexes”

Ginsberg

freely interchanged the terms to avoid using the term sex. when she argued before the court, her assistant suggested

Gorsuch

conflated the terms in giving people more rights

Sexual orientation

a persons physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex

Heterosexuality

the attraction to individuals of the other sex

homosexuality

the attraction to individuals of the same sex

Bisexuality

the attraction to individuals of either sex

asexuality

a lack of sexual attraction or desire for sexual contact

pansexuality

an attraction to people regardless of sex, gender, gender identity, or gender expression

omnisexuality

an attraction to people of all sexes, genders, gender identities, and gender expressions that considers the persons gender

queer

an umbrella term used to describe sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression

aromantic

person does not experience romantic attraction

demisexual

someone who feels sexual attraction to someone only after they form an emotional bond

Heteronormative society

assumes sexual orientation is biological determined and unambiguous

Heterosexism

an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

Kinsey Scale

• indicated that sexuality can be measured by more than just heterosexuality and homosexuality

• findings have been largely discredited, his influence was significant

Gender Roles

society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave

Intersex

born with both female and male genitals

Sexism

prejudice belief that one sex should be value over the other

Stratification

a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable social resources

Functionalism and Gender

gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era

doing gender

the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

social construction of sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

biological determinism

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sec differences related to their biology

sexuality

a person’s capacity for sexual feelings

Queer Theory

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that questions the manner in which we have been taught to think about orientation

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

the sex of someone’s desired partner should not be sole determinant of identity or description

Deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Social Control

the regulation and enforcement of norms

social order

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

Sanctions

the means of enforcing rules

postitive sanctions

rewards given for conforming to norms

negative sanctions

punishment for violating norms

informal sanctions

sanctions that occur face-to-face interactions

formal sanctions

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Deviance can ______ society progress

help

Strain Theory

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Conformity

those who choose not to deviate

innovation

those who pursue goals thru cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means

ritualism

people who lower they goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways

retreatism

people who reject society’s goals and means

rebellion

replace society’s goals and means with their own

Social Disorganization Theory

theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and absence of social control

Functionalism

stresses nurture of nature

Robert Sampson and Byron Groves

found that poverty and family disruption in given localities had a strong positive correlation with social disorganization

Marx’s Conflict Theory

social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

C. Right Mills’ Power Elite

Decisions regarding deviance and crime are Meade small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Symbolic Interactionism

Labeling theory

Labeling Theory

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Primary Deviance

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individuals self-image or interactions with others

secondary deviance

deviance that occurs when a persons self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Master Status

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Sykes and Matza

studied teenage boys who had been laced as juvenile delinquents to seebhow they either embraced or denied their label

Denial of Responsibility

rejecting the label by denying responsibility for the action

Denial of Injury

the person doesn’t see their actions as significant because no one was hurt

denial of the victim

if there is no victim there is no crime

condemnation of the condemners

an effort to “turn it around on” accusers or oversight by blaming them

appeal to a higher authority

claim that the actions were for a higher purpose

disenfranchisement

the prohibition or restriction of people from voting after having committed certain crimes

Crime

a behavior that violates official law an is punishable through formal sanctions

legal codes

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

violent crimes

crimes based in the use of force or the threat of force

nonviolent crimes

crimes that involves destruction or theft of property, but of not use force

Street crime

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually public spaces

corporate crime

crime committed by workers in a business environment or sometimes by people acting in a similar manner of their behalf

victimless crimes

activities against the law, but to not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Police and Law Enforcement Agencies

civil force in charge o regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

Technology

the application of science to solve problems in daily life

knowledge gap

the difference in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology

E-readiness

the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge

Digital Divide

refers to uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines

Child Online Privacy Protection Act

school districts must consider and control certain elements of privacy on behalf of students, meaning they cannot require or encourage students under the age thirteen to provide personal information

Utility Patents

patents that are granted for the invention or discover of any new and useful process, product, or machine

Design Patents

patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product

Plant Patents

patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced

Disruptive Technology

a product, service, or process that effects an entire industry or way of doing things

Homogenization

research by McManus suggests that different news outlets all tell the same stories, using the same sources, resulting in the same message, presented with only slight variations

fragmentation

with cable and online new or social media people increasingly customize their new experience, minimizing their opportunity to encounter information that does not align with their worldview

digital tribalism

state or tendency to gather and reinforce ideas belonging to a group, and to do so out of a sense of strong loyalty

Oligopoly

a situation in which few firms dominate a marketplace