bio exam 1 c1-4

cell theory

all living things are made up of one or more cells, all cells come from pre existing cells, chemical reactions needed for life in cell, cell have hereditary info in dna

Descent with modification

common ancestor, changed over time as adapting to environments (need for heritable variation)

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free living prokaryotic cells engulfed by larger cell to become key parts of eukaryotes

enantiomers

chiral (mirror) molecules that cannot be superimposed on another

hydrocarbons

energy lease, added to larger macromolecules

fructose

glucose plus sucrose

lactose

galactose plus glucose

maltose

glucose plus glucsoe

starch

storage poly. in plants, (polymer) amylose and amylopectin (created branched) 1-4 and 1-4 1-6 glycosidic linkage bonds

cellulose

structural poly. beta-unbranched glycosidic linkages, part of plant cell tough walls

glycogen

storage poly in animals, made up of glucose monomers

where is DNA and RNA

eukaryotes: dna and rna in nucleus, rna only in cytoplasm (mitochondria and chloroplast own genome); prokaryote: rna and dna in the cytoplasm

nucleic acids polymer and bond

phosphodiester bonds, form nucleotides (polynucleotides)

mRNA

leaves the nucleic acid and becomes a blueprint for protein synthesis

tRNA

bridges btw nucleotides and amino acids

rRNA

assists in protein synthesis

Protein bond and polymer

peptide ponds, form polypeptide

Primary structure

long chain of amino acids

Secondary structure

folding and coiling bc of repeated configuration

Alpha helixes

part of secondary protein structure, hydrogen bonds btw O in carboxyl and the 4th amino acid down (consists of sprial like pattern)

Beta pleated sheets

hydrogen bonding between the backbones of the polypeptide chains (pleated figure)

Lipid bonds and purpose

Esther bonds, energy stores, insulation, hormones, membranes

Triglyceride

made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids

Saturated fats

no double bonds, solid, tightly packed, LDL (bad cholestrol)

Unsaturated fats

double bond C=C, liquid at room temp HDL (good cholestrol helps decrease bad)

Steroid

type of lipid with 4 fused rings, ampithetic

Cholestrol

type of steroid, waxy substance important for cell membranes, glands, and hormones, and liver (bile production) transported through lipo proteins.

plasma membrane

protection, selective premability, phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbs, sterols

cytoplasm contents

cytosol, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, chemicals, location of metabolic reactions

ribosomes

small and large subunit, float freely in cytoplasm, protein synthesis

light microscopy

visible light spectrum, resolution of about 200nm, living or dead cells, cell structure, tissues, and movement

electron microscopy

electron beams, .1-1 fixed samples, black and white, transmission-2d internal structures, scanning 3d imaging

epithelial

lining and secretion

connective

support and blood vessels

muscle

mixing and mechanical digestion

nervous

contraction control

capsule

outer later that sits outside of cell wall, shield and anchor

Pilus

thin hair on surface of bacteria and archea, helps bacteria stick to surfaces and bridge btw two cells

Flagella

long hair like, important for motion (specifically through liquid enviornments)

peptidoglycan

component of prokaryotic cell wall - bacteria

pseudopeptidoglycan

component of prokaryotic cell wall - archea

Gram positive bacteria

thick peptidoglycan, no outer membrane

gram negative bacteria

thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane

bacteria shapes

sphere, rod, helix

archaea

sphere, rod, triangular, square, etc.

bacteria morphotypes

coccus (circule) bacillus (rod) spirillum (spiral)

Cynobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria, play role in enivornment

archaea

can be extremophiles, work to help processes (digestion and gut) and C, N, and S cycles. Also help with enzyme extractions

Mitochondria

double membrae bount (own ribosmes and dna) ATP production

Nucleus

houses cells DNA in chromatin, RNA syntehsis, produces rRNA, exchange of RNA and protein thru nuclear envelope

Rougt endoplasmic reticulum

syntehsizes phospholipids and modified proteins (synthesized by ribosomes), proteins packed within vesicles and transported from rought ER

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroids. Detoxifies meds

Golgi apparatus

flattened sacs that help with sorting, tagging, packaging, and distrubuting lipids and protiens

Vesicles

membrane bound storage and transport, small and fuse with other membranes in the cell

Vacuoles

membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport, larger, do not fuse with other membranes

Endomembrane system

work together to modify pack and transport proteins and lipids: nuclear envelope, ER, vesicles, lysosomes, golgi, plasma membrane

Lysosomes

garbage disposal, filled with enzymes that break down macromolecules and organelles, helps with recycling and digestion

Centrosomes

microtubules organize into centrioles, origin point for microtubules (microtubule organizing center)

Cell wall

protects cell, strucutral support, made of peptidoglycan and cellulose

Chloroplasts

in plant and single celled algae cells, own DNA and ribosomes, double membrane

Central Vacuole

regulating cells water concentration (turgor pressure)

Plasmodesmata

channels that pass through cell walls of plant and algal cells

Cillia

Short hair like projections on plasma membrane, environment snesing or movement

Intermediate filaments

cell shape and flexibility, organelle anchor

microtubules

thick and hollow tubes, pull chromosomes apart during cell dicision (part of flagella and cillia)

microfilaments

thinnest, actin, move cellular components, muscle contraction

Extracellular amtrix

collection of proteins, proteoglycans, cells held together to form structures like tissues (allows for cell communication)

Tight junctions

proteins hold cell against each other, prevents leaking of water and other materials

Desmosomes

proteins connect to intermediate filaments, flexibility and movement

Gap junctions

composed of 6 proteins, channel between animal cells allowing for exchange of materials