Baker ID EMMY_PHUNG9

compulsory

required by law or a rule; obligatory

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877), renowned as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army during the Civil War.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South, and was a leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical Republicans from Massachusetts, focused on breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave, known for leading other slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross.

repudiate

(v.) to disown, reject, or deny the validity of.

secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation.

reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the U.S. when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

intransigence

stubbornness; refusal to compromise or change one's views.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress, elected to the seat previously held by Jefferson Davis.

scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners working with the North to buy land from desperate Southerners.

carpetbagger

A northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War, often to gain political advantage.

recalcitrance

disobedience or resistance to authority.

malfeasance

misconduct or wrongdoing, especially by a public official.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment granting full citizenship rights to all people born or naturalized in the U.S., excluding American Indians.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or past conditions of servitude.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared all person' born in the U.S. were citizens, ensuring equal protection under the law, passed despite President Johnson's veto.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A law prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, guaranteeing equal access regardless of color.

black codes

Laws enacted by Southern states during Reconstruction to limit the rights of African Americans.

Slaughterhouse cases

A series of Supreme Court cases post-Civil War concerning the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, ruling they protected only the rights of freed blacks.

Enforcement Act of 1871

An act making it a felony for two or more people to conspire to deprive anyone of their civil rights, aimed at combating the KKK.

peril

serious and immediate danger.

Freedmen's Bureau

The first welfare agency created by Congress in 1865 to aid newly emancipated slaves.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

partition

the act of dividing something into parts.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was executed after a failed raid at Harper's Ferry.

subjugate

to conquer by force and bring under complete control.

thwart

to successfully oppose or prevent.

segregate

To separate or keep apart from others.

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce racial segregation in public spaces.

Military Reconstruction Act

A congressional act that replaced white governments in the South with military districts commanded by union generals.