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How does land usage effect food production?
Limits increase to food production
What are the impacts and requirements of land extension for food production?
Require different crops
Require water
Have climate impacts
What are the limits to moving non-food crops to marginal land?
Cold
Hot
Dry
Saline
Nutrient poor
Polluted
What happens to good land over time?
Becomes marginal due to over-use, salinization, pollution and climate change
How does irrigation prevent further agriculture?
Irrigation water has salt and a large amount evaporates before reaching the ground leaving salt
Most of our plants don’t grow in soil NaCL > 50 mM
This is secondary salinization
What is the process of producing salt tolerant crops?
Overexpression of a tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter NHX1
How does NHXI work with the vacuole of plant cells?
Transports toxic Na+ to vacuole in exchange for protons (H+)
What does NHXI overexpression do?
Improve plant growth in salt
What is one of the main crops that is being developed as a naturally tolerant plant?
Halophytes (Salocornia)
What is Salocornia suitable for?
Human Consumption
Oil seed
Biofuel
What is the Yield Gap equation?
Yg = Yp - Y
What is the focus of predicting gain and loss under climate change in plants?
Plant leaf stomata - the nexus of carbon and water cycles
What are the aims of predicting gain and loss under climate change in plants?
Increase Co2 assimilation and crop stress resistance
What stress hormone closes stomata?
ABA
What occurs during water deficit in plants?
ABA produced
Perceived by ABA receptors
Induction of protective response
Closing of stomata in leaves
Reduced water loss
What are the negatives of ABA production?
Reduced CO2 uptake
Overheating
What are the components of measuring gas exchange by infrared gas analysis
Console: Setup conditions and store and log data
Leaf Chamber: Measures gas exchange
How is ABA measured with FRET biosensors?
ABA receptor (PY1) binds to protein phophatase (ABI1)
→ Link to fluorescent proteins
—> ABACUS is a fluorescent ABA sensor
What are the differences between ‘play-it-safe’ protection in plants and ‘Happy-go-lucky’
Play it safe protection
Growth Arrest, Developmental Delay, Survival
Happy-go-lucky
Less protection, Continued Growth and Development, Death Risk
What is survival like for Happy-go-lucky plants in rainy fields?
Better yield under transient, moderate stress drought
Will not survive long term stress
Requires Management
What is survival like for Play-it-safe plants in rainy fields?
Less yield under mild drought stress
Will survive and produce seed and long-term stress
Does not need Management
What are the majority of agricultural lines like genetically?
Loss of heterogeneity, inbred lines dominate
Why have agricultural crop lines lost heterogeneity?
Selection by climate change and farmers as well as targeted selection and breeding
What does Qualitative genetics in plants allow?
Generation of defined genetic populations OR natural variation
→ Resistance trait linked to presence of molecular markers
What does determination of traits in plants need to be in terms of Phenomics?
Quantitiative
Precise
High throughput
