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7.5 billion
The world population, or the total number of humans currently living, is estimated to have reached ____ as of April 2017.
POPULATION
can be generally defined as a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at a given time.
POPULATION ECOLOGY
the study of populations and their interactions with their environment
DISPERSION
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
CLUMPED PATTERN
- is the most common pattern of population dispersion.
UNIFORMLY PATTERN
when individuals are evenly spaced over the area they occupy. A pattern seen in species whose individuals do not have close interactions.
RANDOM PATTERN
individuals of a population have an unpredictable distribution. This pattern is common in species that prefer solitary lives.
population size
defined by the total number of individuals
population density
the number of individuals within a specific area or volume.
10 Billion
the carrying capacity of Earth.
FERTILITY
is the actual level of reproduction of a population per individual, based on the number of live births that occur.
FERTILITY RATE
also known as birth rate is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population divided by the length of a period in years.
MORTALITY RATE
also known as death rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population per unit of time.
IMMIGRATION (INTO)
the act of someone coming to live permanently in foreign country.
EMIGRATION (EXIT)(OUT)
leaving your own country to settle permanently in another country.
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
is the average number of children born to each woman, over the woman's lifespan, in a population.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
It is an accelerating pattern of increasing population size.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
shows how birth rates and death rates change over time as a country becomes more developed.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
is the average number of years that a person in a particular population is expected to live.
AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS
It provides a snapshot of the current population and can represent information about the past and give potential clues about future problems.
GLOBAL POPULATION
The world population refers to the entire number of people of all ages, living in all countries throughout the world.
DEMOGRAPHY
the study of human populations.
DEMOGRAPHERS
collect and process information about population processes such as fertility, mortality, and migration.
GROWTH RATE (ANNUAL)
The annual rate of growth of a population expressed as a percentage.
REPLACEMENT-LEVEL FERTILITY
Total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.
INFANT MORTALITY
Number of deaths per thousand live births of children under one year of age.
POPULATION PROFILE OR AGE STRUCTURE
A chart or bar graph showing the number of males and females for successive ages in the population.
POPULATION MOMENTUM
The effect of the current population profile on future population growth; the tendency for the population to grow despite a fall in fertility.
CRUDE BIRTH RATE
The number of live births per thousand in a population in a given year.
CRUDE DEATH RATE
The number of deaths per thousand in a population in a given year.
FERTILITY TRANSITION
A decline in fertility which begins an irreversible trend downwards; completed when replacement- level fertility is achieved.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION
The shift from high death rates to low death rates in a population as a consequence of improved medical and sanitary conditions.
WATER
Plays a key role in sculpting the earth's surface, moderating climate, and removing and diluting wastes and pollutants.
GROUNDWATER
zone of saturation, these spaces are filled with water.
WATER TABLE
The top of this groundwater zone is the ____.
AQUIFERS
underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows.
SURFACE WATER
the freshwater from precipitation and snowmelt that flows across the earth's land surface and into rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and ultimately to the oceans.
SURFACE RUNOFF
Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation is called ____.
WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASIN
The land from which surface water drains into a particular river, lake, wetland, or other body of water is called its _____.
SOLID WASTE
any unwanted or discarded material we produce that is not a liquid or a gas. Solid waste can be divided into two types.
INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
produced by mines, agriculture, and industries that supply people with goods and services.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)
often called garbage or trash, which consists of the combined solid waste produced by homes and workplaces.
HAZARDOUS, OR TOXIC, WASTE
which threatens human health or the environment because it is poisonous, dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable.
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
a variety of strategies for both waste reduction and waste management.
WASTE REDUCTION
in which much less waste and pollution are produced, and the wastes that are produced are viewed as potential resources that can be reused, recycled, or composted.
3Rs (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE)
WAYS TO CUT SOLID WASTE
OPEN DUMPS
are essentially fields or holes in the ground where garbage is deposited and sometimes burned. They are rare in developed countries but are widely used near major cities in many developing countries.
SANITARY LANDFILLS
solid wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted, and covered daily with a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam, which helps to keep the material dry and reduces leakage of contaminated water (leachate) from the landfill.
PHYSICAL METHODS
DEALING WITH HAZARDOUS WASTE:
detoxifying hazardous wastes include using charcoal or resins to filter out harmful solids and distilling liquid mixtures to separate outharmful chemicals. Especially deadly wastes can be encapsulated in glass, cement, or ceramics and then put in secure storage sites.
CHEMICAL METHODS
used to convert hazardous chemicals to harmless or less harmful chemicals through chemical reactions.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
treatment of hazardous waste to be the wave of the future.
BIOREMEDIATION
bacteria and enzymes help to destroy toxic or hazardous substances or convert them to harmless compounds.
PHYTOREMEDIATION
involves using natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter, and remove contaminants from polluted soil and water.
DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL
Liquid hazardous wastes are pumped through a pipe into dry, porous rock formations far beneath aquifers, many of which are tapped for drinking and irrigation water. - The most common form of burial.
SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
are ponds, pits, or lagoons into which liners are placed and liquid hazardous wastes are stored.
HAZARDOUS WASTES
can be incinerated to break them down and convert them to harmless or less harmful chemicals such as carbon dioxide and water.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
Is an ideal whereby every person is entitled to protection from environmental hazards regardless of race, gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or any political factor.
CORE
the earth's innermost zone. It is extremely hot and has a solid inner part, surrounded by a liquid core of molten or semisolid material.
MANTLE
Most of the mantle is solid rock, but under its rigid outermost part is the asthenosphere—a zone of hot, partly melted rock that flows and can be deformed like soft plastic.
CRUST
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth. It consists of the continental crust, which underlies the continents (including the continental shelves extending into the oceans), and the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean basins and makes up 71% of the earth's crust.
TECTONIC PLATES
The flows of energy and heated material in the mantle's convection cells cause a dozen or so huge rigid plates, called _____.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
When oceanic plates move apart from one another molten rock, or magma, flows up through the resulting cracks.
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the continental plate usually rides up over the denser oceanic plate and pushes it down into the mantle in a process called subduction.
TRANSFORM FAULT
where plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere.
INTERNAL GEOLOGIC PROCESS
generated by heat from the earth's interior, typically build up the earth's surface in the form of continental and oceanic crust, including mountains and volcanoes.
EXTERNAL GEOLOGIC PROCESS
driven directly or indirectly by energy from the sun (mostly in the form of flowing water and wind) and influenced by gravity, tend to wear down the earth's surface and move matter from one place to another.
FISSURE
An active volcano occurs where magma reaches the earth's surface through a central vent or a long crack, called a _____.
SEISMIC WAVES
When a fault forms, or when there is abrupt movement on an existing fault, energy that has accumulated over time is released in the form of vibrations, called _______.
FOCUS
The place where an earthquake begins, often far below the earth's surface is called the ______.
TSUNAMI
is a series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops.
MINERAL
an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally in the earth's crust as a solid with a regular internal crystalline structure.
ROCK
is a solid combination of one or more minerals found in the earth's crust.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
made of sediments—dead plant and animal remains and existing rocks that are weathered and eroded into tiny particles.
IGNEOUS ROCK
forms below or on the earth's surface when magma wells up from the earth's upper mantle or deep crust and then cools and hardens.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
forms when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures (which may cause it to melt partially), high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these agents.
ROCK CYCLE
The interaction of physical and chemical processes that change rocks from one type to another.
MINERAL RESOURCE
A concentration of naturally occurring material from the earth's crust that can be extracted and processed into useful products and raw materials at an affordable cost.
ORE
rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral—often a metal—to make it profitable for mining and processing.