Science - Task 1: Body Coordination

Metabolism

Chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells derive energy from glucose

Cellular Respiration Word Equation

glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy

Cellular Respiration Balanced Formula

C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Role of the Mitochondria

Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s reactions

Enzyme

Proteins that help speed up metabolism

Role of Enzymes in Metabolism

Proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in our bodies

Lock and Key Model

Substrates fit into an enzyme like a key into a lock. If the substrate isn’t correct, it won’t fit into an enzyme and there won’t be a chemical reaction

Catabolic Reaction

Break complex molecules into simple ones

Anabolic Reaction

Use energy to build complex molecules

Diffusion in Small Intestine

Food molecules absorb in the small intestine, diffusing in the bloodstream

Diffusion Across the Walls of The Intestines

Nutrients absorbed through intestine walls

Alveoli in Lungs

Small air sacs where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Blood Vessels

Deliver blood to organs and tissues

Heart

Sends blood all around body and is the centre of the circulation system

Blood Components

Red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets

SA Nodes

Small mass of tissue in the atria of the heart

Defibrillator

Used when restoring normal heartbeat to analyse heart activity and delivers electric shocks to the heart

Cells

Form tissues, organs and systems

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones and chemicals that regulates bodily functions

Excretory System

Removes waste products, maintains fluid and balance in the body

Nervous System

Is a network of cells (neurons) that regulates the body divided into two parts, central and peripheral

Digestive System

Group of organs that convert food into energy and nutrients needed for body’s growth and repair

Circulatory System

Is responsible for the circulation of blood and other fluids through the body

Central Nervous System

Body’s processing centre, responding to sensory information

Processing Nervous System

Carries messages to and from CNS, back to your brain

Motor Neurons

Connect to muscles, glands, and organs. Transmit impulses from spine to skeletal muscles.

Connector Neurons

Made onto dendrites and cell bodies of others. Allows brain to make complex functions.

Sensory Neurons

Consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Sends information against signals to the CNS.

Nerve Transmission

Neuron sending a signal releases a chemical.

Neurotransmitters across a Synapse

Job is to carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next cell.

Myelin Sheath

Made of protein and fatty substances. Allows impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells.

Cerebrum

Initiates and coordinates movement, regulates temperature.

Hypothalamus

High-level sensory output area by controlling endocrine, autonomic and somatic behaviour.

Cerebellum

Sits at lower back of brain, responsible for muscle control, balance and movement.

Brain Stem

Composed of three sections responsible for vital functions, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep.

Medulla

Nerve signals to and from the body. Controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure.

Spinal Cord

Connects the brain and lower back. Contains tissues, fluids, and nerve cells. Carries nerve signals.

Pituitary Gland

A pea-sized gland at the base of the brain. In charge of making several essential hormones.

Cranium

Protects the brain from injury. Houses brain.

Vertebrae

Forms a hollow tube that protects spinal cord and nerve roots.

CSF

Shock absorber, cushioning the brain. Allows brain and spinal cord to become buoyant.

Reflex Actions

Serves as a protective mechanism that prevents injury.

Reflex Arc

Natural arc is a pathway to control a reflex. Activates spinal motor neurons without delay.

Endocrine Glands

Releases hormones into the blood stream. Controls growth, development, organs, metabolism, reproduction.

Hypothalamus

Links endocrine and nervous system.

Pituitary Gland

Controls growth hormone.

Thyroid

Front part of lower neck. Makes thyroxine, controls rate of metabolism.

Parathyroids

Attached to thyroid. Releases parathyroid, controls level of calcium.

Adrenal Gland

Each kidney. Releases adrenaline, increases blood pressure and heart rate.

Pineal

Middle of the brain. Secretes melatonin, regulates sleep.

Reproductive Glands

Ovaries. Testes. Sexual Reproduction.

Pancreas

Makes insulin. Controls level of glucose or sugar.

Endocrine Gland Hormones In the Bloodstream

In response to certain stimuli, products of the glands release in the blood stream to a target organ.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Series of blood vessels and nerves called pituitary stalk.

Stimulus Response Model

Characterization of a unit (typically a neuron). Allows a prediction to stimulus.

Need to Maintain Constant Internal Environment

Body maintains homeostasis for many factors. Enzymes will only function properly under a small range of certain conditions.