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Metabolism
Chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Process by which cells derive energy from glucose
Cellular Respiration Word Equation
glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy
Cellular Respiration Balanced Formula
C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
Role of the Mitochondria
Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s reactions
Enzyme
Proteins that help speed up metabolism
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
Proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in our bodies
Lock and Key Model
Substrates fit into an enzyme like a key into a lock. If the substrate isn’t correct, it won’t fit into an enzyme and there won’t be a chemical reaction
Catabolic Reaction
Break complex molecules into simple ones
Anabolic Reaction
Use energy to build complex molecules
Diffusion in Small Intestine
Food molecules absorb in the small intestine, diffusing in the bloodstream
Diffusion Across the Walls of The Intestines
Nutrients absorbed through intestine walls
Alveoli in Lungs
Small air sacs where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood Vessels
Deliver blood to organs and tissues
Heart
Sends blood all around body and is the centre of the circulation system
Blood Components
Red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets
SA Nodes
Small mass of tissue in the atria of the heart
Defibrillator
Used when restoring normal heartbeat to analyse heart activity and delivers electric shocks to the heart
Cells
Form tissues, organs and systems
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones and chemicals that regulates bodily functions
Excretory System
Removes waste products, maintains fluid and balance in the body
Nervous System
Is a network of cells (neurons) that regulates the body divided into two parts, central and peripheral
Digestive System
Group of organs that convert food into energy and nutrients needed for body’s growth and repair
Circulatory System
Is responsible for the circulation of blood and other fluids through the body
Central Nervous System
Body’s processing centre, responding to sensory information
Processing Nervous System
Carries messages to and from CNS, back to your brain
Motor Neurons
Connect to muscles, glands, and organs. Transmit impulses from spine to skeletal muscles.
Connector Neurons
Made onto dendrites and cell bodies of others. Allows brain to make complex functions.
Sensory Neurons
Consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Sends information against signals to the CNS.
Nerve Transmission
Neuron sending a signal releases a chemical.
Neurotransmitters across a Synapse
Job is to carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next cell.
Myelin Sheath
Made of protein and fatty substances. Allows impulses to transmit quickly along nerve cells.
Cerebrum
Initiates and coordinates movement, regulates temperature.
Hypothalamus
High-level sensory output area by controlling endocrine, autonomic and somatic behaviour.
Cerebellum
Sits at lower back of brain, responsible for muscle control, balance and movement.
Brain Stem
Composed of three sections responsible for vital functions, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep.
Medulla
Nerve signals to and from the body. Controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure.
Spinal Cord
Connects the brain and lower back. Contains tissues, fluids, and nerve cells. Carries nerve signals.
Pituitary Gland
A pea-sized gland at the base of the brain. In charge of making several essential hormones.
Cranium
Protects the brain from injury. Houses brain.
Vertebrae
Forms a hollow tube that protects spinal cord and nerve roots.
CSF
Shock absorber, cushioning the brain. Allows brain and spinal cord to become buoyant.
Reflex Actions
Serves as a protective mechanism that prevents injury.
Reflex Arc
Natural arc is a pathway to control a reflex. Activates spinal motor neurons without delay.
Endocrine Glands
Releases hormones into the blood stream. Controls growth, development, organs, metabolism, reproduction.
Hypothalamus
Links endocrine and nervous system.
Pituitary Gland
Controls growth hormone.
Thyroid
Front part of lower neck. Makes thyroxine, controls rate of metabolism.
Parathyroids
Attached to thyroid. Releases parathyroid, controls level of calcium.
Adrenal Gland
Each kidney. Releases adrenaline, increases blood pressure and heart rate.
Pineal
Middle of the brain. Secretes melatonin, regulates sleep.
Reproductive Glands
Ovaries. Testes. Sexual Reproduction.
Pancreas
Makes insulin. Controls level of glucose or sugar.
Endocrine Gland Hormones In the Bloodstream
In response to certain stimuli, products of the glands release in the blood stream to a target organ.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Series of blood vessels and nerves called pituitary stalk.
Stimulus Response Model
Characterization of a unit (typically a neuron). Allows a prediction to stimulus.
Need to Maintain Constant Internal Environment
Body maintains homeostasis for many factors. Enzymes will only function properly under a small range of certain conditions.
