AP Euro Unit 5

Louis XVI

the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution

became king at a very young age

married very young

good man, but wrong place at the wrong time

nice and well-meaning but indecisive and easily swayed by other

killed during French Revolution

Marie Antoinette

last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa

became queen very young

portrayed as outrageous spender

also killed

Rene Maupeou

determined to collect taxes from nobility and disbanded parlements- Louis XVI dismissed him upon taking the throne - worked while France was in tremendous debt

Jacques Necker

 used dubious financial sleight of hand to make the situation seem better- worked while France was in tremendous debt

Charles Calonne

demanded tax reform and internal trade- nobles refused

- worked while France was in tremendous debt

Estates System

First estate clergy - 2nd estate nobles - 3rd estate all others

Estates General

It had not met since 1614 (French wars of religion time)

It was seperated by social orders, the estates system and how repreentation and voting would occur was never really settled on

When it did meet these unresolved problems caused immense problems so nothing really got done- needed 2 of 3 estates to agree

National Assembly

By mid June of 1789 the Third Estate and much of the second decided to form their own group called (term)

Mid June Louis decided to call a special session and closed the meeting places of this group, they all assumed the king was cracking down

Tennis Court Oath

June 20, 1789), dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of the French nation (the Third Estate) during the meeting of the Estates-General (traditional assembly) at the beginning of the French Revolution

on a tennis court, all agreed that they needed to make a constitution that would limit the power of the monarch.

Storming of the Bastille

July 14 1789 the Paris mob, hungry due to a lack of food from poor harvests, upset at the conditions of their lives and annoyed with their King and Government did this

The Great Fear

a general panic that took place between 22 July to 6 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution. Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Guaranteed life, liberty, property

All were equal before the law

Freedom of religion

Equal taxation

This was not a constitution- that would take two years to create - statement of ideals

Women’s March on Versailles

a riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution. It was spontaneously organized by women in the marketplaces of Paris, on the morning of October 5, 1789. They complained over the high price and scant availability of bread, marching from Paris to Versailles.

Constitutional Monarchy of 1791

Establishment of a limited monarchy in France, only able to veto a law, nothing else

Active and passive citizens

Active- paid a special taz equal to three days wages, you then got to vote for electors (to be an elector you had to own property) who serced in the unicameral assembly - had to be a male

Passive- everyone else

Departments

French revolutionary government sought to break up the traditional regions, to counter the established aristocratic control of portions of France and produce greater integration across the country.

Emigres

the thousands of nobles that fled France

La Marseillaise

The French National Anthem

citizens not objects

Cahiers de doleances

the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between January and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution began.

Declaration of Pillnitz

Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia said they would invade France to protect the royal family- which they would attempt to do quite soon

Austria and Prussia urged other European nations to help restore the French Monarchy because the Revolution was getting so out of hand

Emperors started to fear that their people would start their own revolution

The French National Anthem- La Marseillaise was created- citizens not subjects

San-culottes

working class people, pushed for more, particularly in Paris, they created an elected assembly known as the Paris commune

September Massacres

1792

over 1200 people who were in the city jails were brutally murdered and pushed forward universal male suffrage and a true republic

The paris commune under the direction of the Paris commune was pushing for this at like literal gunpoint

The Convention

A single chamber assembly in France

It succeeded the Legislative Assembly

responsible for arresting Robespierre for treason

Jacobins

the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789.

Girondins

At one point, part of Jacobin movement, more moderate than mountain

a political group during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention.

advocated exporting the Revolution through aggressive foreign policies including war against the surrounding European monarchies.

The Mountain

More extreme Jacobins than Girondins.

successfully ousted most of the moderate Gironde members of the Convention with the assistance of radical sans-culottes.

The Guillotine

became the primary symbol of the Reign of Terror and was used to execute thousands of people, including King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette.

Paris Commune

Sans-culottes - working class people pushed for more, particularly in Paris, they created an elected assembly known as…

Edmund Burke

British statesman who predicted a lot of chaos and turmoil that would follow

Britain moved to limit freedoms such as that of the press to suppress revolutionary ideas

Reign of Terror

a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.

a real fear outsiders would destroy the Revolution. Terror sent into the hearts of those who would harm the revolution, began

Committee of Public safety

all power was issued to this small council due to the reign of terror

Levee en Masse

the council instituted forced conscription on the entire population- no country in Europe had ever done anything like this

Republic of Virtue

Virtue was interest for the republic over oneself- and end to aristocratic corruption

Jean-Paul Marat

A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers

Georges Danton

a French lawyer and a leading figure in the French Revolution. He became a deputy to the Paris Commune, presided in the Cordeliers district, and visited the Jacobin club.

Maximillian Robespierre

briefly presided over the influential Jacobin Club, a political club based in Paris. He also served as president of the National Convention and on the Committee of Public Safety.

Killed lots and lots of people with the Guillotine

Law 22 Prairial

Robespierre secured this.

Document said that he could convict suspects without substantial evidence

Thermidorian Reaction

End of the terror and establishment of the Directory (New French Government)

The Directory

New French Government after reign of terror

the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until 10 November 1799,

thrown away by NAPOLEON

Napoleon Bonaparte

was a general, a Jacobin, and played a leading role in removing the British from the port city of Toulon

worked for the committee of public safety and put down rebellions throughout France

proved quite adept at politics and managed to pull off a bloodless takeover of the directory that left him in virtual control of all France.

Overall - A Loved leader and an insanely great Military general who almost took over the whole world.

Concordant with the Catholic Church 1801

Napoleon brought religion back into French life by 1802- most people wanted this

He retained a lot of control over clergy selection and got to keep all confiscated lands

Napoleonic Code

It safeguarded property

Abolished the privileges of the nobility

Took away right from workers and women

Reorganized the mess of French legal codes into on centralized system

Battle of Trafalgar

The British Navy destroy the French (combined with Spanish) fleets in the water before French can get to Britain.

Stops Napoleon and is a very important loss because British was seen as one of the only powers who could defeat Napoleon

Start of NAPOLEONS DOWNFALL

October 21,1805

Battle of Austerlitz

Combined Austrian and Russian forces were smashed

Prussia, who had remained neutral, declared war on Napoleon in October 1806 and was crushed

Treaty of Pressburg

The holy roman empire was forecer dissolved and the confederation of the Rhine was made

Treaty of Tilsit

June 13, 1807 Napoleon destroyed the Russian in yet another battle

Alexander I was forced to make peace

Continental System

Britain was Napoleons only real threat after the Treaty od Tilsit with Russia in 1807

However, he could not invade in Britain so he engaged in economic warfare

All countries under French control, allied with France, or neutral were forbidden to trade with Great Britain

This hurt Britain a lot but it hurt the other European nations more- the British had an overseas empire

Russia in particular was hurt by this system and Great Britain very much wanted Russian timber for shipbuilding

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

German Confederation

an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.

Peninsular Campaign

Napoleons military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula.

Francisco Goya

was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.

Arthur Wellesley

important British war general

responsible for defeating Napoleon

Alexander I

Tsar of Russia during Napoleonic wars

Grande Armee

French army under Napoleon that invaded Russia containing 600,000 men/soldiers

1812 Invasion of Russia

Tsar Alexander withdrew from the Continental system in 1810 - led to Napoleon invading in 1812

Napoleon invaded during the summer expecting victory with his Grande Armee

The Russians refused to fight except at the Battle of Borodino where they were defeated

Napoleon decided to winter in Moscow but the Russians had destroyed all the food in the countryside and burnt most of moscow to the ground

With no food or shelter, Napoleon was forced to retreat

Napoleon only returned to France with 60,000-100,000 soldiers- the cold, lack of food and Russian guerilla attacks decimated him

First Major Loss for Napoleon

Battle of Waterloo

Final defeat for Napoleon from the British and Prussians

Hundred Days

Napoleons brief return to power in 1815

Congress of Vienna

Create a balance of power in Europe and was all about making sure not one state became too powerful

Restored French monarchy

Territories shifted around France to prohibit expansion

While conservative in Nature, this represented a shift where these peace agreements were more about actual peace than victory- you want to prevent war(peace lasted for a few decades)

Klemens von Metternich

Maker and great influence of the congress of Vienna

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Rosseau

While part of the enlightenment, he also opposed parts of it - He believed in allowing nature to be free

Children should be allowed to raise themselves with minimal restraints from parents - you explore and learn as you grow

Immanuel Kant

Believed pure reason could explain the sensory experiences of life

However, there was an inner world/ life he called the noumenal world - The innate sense of morals and duty everyone possess he called the categorical imperative

Basically, you could use reason to learn a lot but there was an intangible inner part to us all that was just as important that reason or science could not explain

William Wordsworth (1)

English Poet, a central figure in Romanticism (1)

Lord Byron (2)

English Poet and a leading figure in Romanticism (2)

Mary Godwin Shelley

English writer author of Frankenstein

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

German writer and statesman, influential in Romanticism

Joseph Mallord William Turner

English Painter, key figure in Romanticism

Methodists

Members of Christian revival movement founded by John Wesley

John Wesley

Founder of Methodism - Methodist Movement - Religious Revival movement

Johann Herder

German philosopher and writer, influential in Romanticism.

Believed - Individuals and societies developed over time organically like plants

Georg Wilhelm Friederich Hegel

German philosopher, influential in Romanticism and idealism

His thoughts on history - Predominant set of ideas called the thesis - These were challenges by the antithesis - The result was a clash and mixing whereby there was synthesis - The synthesis became the new thesis