AP psych unit 4

Locus of control (internal)

You believe you make things happen (efforts, abilities, hard work) and that your outcomes are a result of your own actions.

Locus of control (external)

You believe other things made something happen (luck, fate)

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute positive events to one's own character but attribute negative events to external factors; Bumping up our own self-esteem

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief or expectation that influences a person's behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true; expectation leads to fulfillment

Attribution

How we explain the causes of behavior and events; Types: Dispositional (internal) and situational (external)

Cognitive dissonance

Your attitudes don’t match your actions; leads to anxiety and discomfort

Conformity

The tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to align with group norms or expectations.

Obedience

Following direct orders from someone in a higher position of authority

Social Comparison

Comparing yourself with other people

Social facilitation

The phenomenon where individuals perform better on tasks when in the presence of others compared to when they are alone.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors without expectation of reward.

Bystader effect

Not offering help to someone because there are other people around and you think they will help.

Mere exposure effect

Developing a preference for things the more you are exposed to them

Passionate love

Emotional and physical attraction to someone else; “honeymoon phase”; testosterone/estrogen; sexual desire

Companionate love

Emotional love for someone else; long-term commitment; minimal or no sexual desire

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

When people are frustrated, they tend to be aggressive; frustrations—> anger—> aggression

Prejudice

attitude of hatred towards others

Stereotype

False assumptions about a group of people

Discrimination

unjust treatment of other categories of people; behavior

Implicit attitude/bias

unconscious, automatic bias

Just-world phenomenon

Belief that the world is fair, and that people will be rewarded for good deeds and the bad will be punished

Out-group homogenity bias

Tendency to view those outside your group as the same while your group is diverse

In-group bias

Tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groups.

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one’s culture or ethnic group as superior to others

Ingroup bias

Having a positive bias towards people in the same group as us

Outgroup bias

viewing those not in our group as the same

Belief perseverance

despite being proven incorrect, you still persevere with your belief

Cognitive dissonance

Your actions don’t match your beliefs/values/thoughts

Scapegoat theory

Blaming a group of people for something bad that is happening

Superordinate goals

Disparate/different groups unite under a common goal

Social trap

Pursuing an action that seems benefitial to you but hurts society/group as a whole

Central route persuasion

persuading someone with a logic-driven apporach; using

Peripheral route persuasion

persuading someone by relying on factors such as credibility, likeability, and emotional appeal

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Starting with a small request while gradually increasing its value; Ex: asking for $5 and then $10 later

Door-in-the-face phenomenon

Starting with a huge/unreasonable request and then bringing it down to a more reasonable one (often the one you originally wanted)

Groupthink

Agreeing to the first or to another idea said by someone just because it is easier than arguing about it (think about most of them men in the movie “12 men in black”)

Group polarization

Group members tend to adopt more extreme beliefs after talking about it with the group; Ex: get a bunch of violent people together and after talking with each other, they will become more violent

Diffusion of responsability

People are less likely to take action in a large group setting

Social loafing

group members exert less efforts when they are in a group

Deindividuation

People losing their sense of individual identity when in a group

False consensus effect

People tend to think their personal beliefs, values, culture etc are more common than they actually are

Sigmund Freud

Psychodynamic theory

Theory of psychosexual development

Ego Defense mechanism

Unconsciously protect ego from threats; Includes: Repression, regression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, rationalization, denial, sublimation

Id

Instant gratification or pleasure; aggression/violence; easy quick pleasure; unconscious

Ego

Conscious; uses both Id and Superego to make a decision

Superego

Unconscious; morality; rights and wrongs; ethics; helps Ego make decision

Self-actualization/ self-transcendence

When someone reaches their full potential; top of hierarchy of needs

Reciprocal determinism

Things are influenced by other things; part of biopsychosocial psychology; think of the triangle where all the things influence each other (nature, nurture, behavior)

Self-concept

Description and evaluation of oneself (Self-efficacy and self-esteem)

Big Five personalities

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion (are you an extrovert), Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)

Intrinsic motivation

Part of self-determination theory; Doing what you like and enjoy; doing something for your own benefit

Extrinsic motivation

Part of the self-determination theory; doing something for an outside factor; Incentive theory (you will receive a rewards for doing something); Ex. Working a job just so you get money

Instinct theory

Motivated by natural, unlearned, patterned behaviors (ex. A baby duck imprinting on its mother)

Drive-reduction and motivation

Doing something to decrease or get rid of a drive; reaching equilibrium; need→drive→behavior; Ex. Drinking water because you are thirsty

Arousal and motivation

Trying to find things that make you enthusiastic; includes Yerkes-Dodso law

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases with arousal up to a certain extant

Lewin’s motivational conflicts

categorizes conflicts into 3 types, Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance, and Avoidance-Avoidance

Ghrelin

Hormone that tells your brain you are hungry

Leptin

Hormone that tells your brain when you are full

Food-based motivation

Major emotions

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Physical features/state influence your emotions

Universal emotions

sad, fear, joy, anger, disgust

Display rules

You will react differently to things based on your cultural background

explicit attitude/bias

Conscious bias; usually reflect values and beliefs

Approach-Approach

When you are faced with two equally good choices

Approach-Avoidance

When you are faced with one good and one bad choice

Avoidance-Avoidance

When you are faced with two bad choices

Repression

Completely erasing conscious awareness/ recognition

Regression

Revert to childlike behavior

Projection

Accuse someone else for your feelings/behavior

Displacement

Redirect feelings somewhere else

Reaction formation

You act opposite of what you feel

Rationalization

Justifying what you are doing

Denial

Refuse to acknowledge something

Sublimation

Redirect to socially acceptable behavior