ati teas anatomy & physiology

nasal cavity contains

visible nasal hair and cilia

nasal cavity function

air is warmed, humidified, and filtered by mucus and air

pharynx function

splits food from air

larynx

air enters here

voice box

trachea

epiglottis prevents food from getting in

trachea structure

cylinder tube with rings of cartilage (helps keep it open) that provide support

bronchi

splits into right and left

bronchioles

primary

secondary

tertiary

bronchioles

structures that follow bronchioles

terminole bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

alveoli ducts surrounded by

alveoli sacs

alveoli sacs

grape like

tiny air sacs which allow for rapid gas exchange

large surface area and rich blood supply makes it highly effective

conducting zone

“anatomical dead space”

structures in the respiratory system that transport air to site of gas exchange

respiratory zone

structures involved in gas exchange

pH

higher hydrogen concentration = more acidic

lower hydrogen concentration = more basic

connection between pH and respiration

increases in acidity signals the brain to increases respiration to reach homeostasis

pH 7.4 is homeostasis

inspiration/inhalation

facilitated by diagram muscles and external intercostal muscles contracts

diaphragm pushes down and thoracic cavity increases

expiration/exhalation

diaphragm muscles and intercostal muscles relax

diaphragm rises and thoracic cavity decreases

perfusion

delivering blood to body tissues, organs, and cells

ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

ensures fresh air rich in oxygen reaches alveoli

hyperventilation

pH is basic

fast breathing

increases O2 (hyperpoxia)

decreased CO2 (hypocapina)

hypoventilation

pH is acidic

slow breathing

decreases O2 (hypoxia)

increases CO2 (hypercapnia)

blood

always red

brighter color = more oxygen

blood primary function

maintain homeostasis (pH, temp, osmotic pressure)

transports O2 and CO2 to and from the tissues of the body

blood transports

hormones, nutrients, gases

blood composition

plasma

erythrocytes & cells

platelets

plasma

liquid portion

contains lipids, salts, protein, water

red blood cells

transport

contains hemoglobin, iron rich protein, that provides color

white blood cells

fight infections

platelets

help clotting

arteries

away

carry blood away from heart

typically O2 rich

veins

carry blood back to heart

• only exception is reversed in pulmonary circulation

capillaries

tiny blood vessels

site of gas exchange for O2 and CO2

atria have

thin walls

ventricle have

thick walls

valves function

act as a one way door to prevent blood from moving backwards

coronary arteries

originate from aorta and delivers nutrients and O2 to heart

provided blood for heart

coronary veins

deoxygenated blood returns to the R.A. from the coronary sinus

blood flow (deoxygenated blood to lungs)

1. deoxygenated blood enters superior/inferior vena cava

2. right atrium

3. right ventricle

4. pulmonic valve

5. pulmonary artery

6. lungs

blood flow (oxygenated blood tissues)

1. lungs

2. pulmonary vein

3. left atrium

4. bicuspid/mitral valve

5. aortic valve

6. aorta (carries oxygenated blood to tissues)

interatrial septum

thin muscular structure

separates left and right atria

interatrial septum consists of

fossa ovalis and the limbus of the fossa ovalis

interventricular septum

thick muscular wall

separate right and left ventricle

inter ventricular septum consists of

membranous and muscular portion

sinoatrial node (SA node)

main pacemaker

starts electrical impulse

triggers atria contraction

60 to 100 bpm

Bachmann bundle

transmits high speed signals

moves from SA node over septal wall into L.A.

internodal pathways

three routes anterior, middle, posterior

signal from SA node to AV node

atrioventricular node (AV node)

secondary pacemaker

delay signal from SA node

allow atria contract and fill ventricles

40 to 60 bpm

bundle of his

only route between atria and ventricles

splits two ways, separates into right and left ventricle

purkinje fibers

last ditch pacemaker

initiate depolarization to trigger contraction

connect with myocytes

20 to 40 bpm

(ecg) p wave

atrial depolarization/contraction

(ecg) QRS complex

ventricular depolarization/contraction

(ecg) t wave

ventricular repolarization/relaxation

blood pressure

measures how forcefully blood is against the wall of arteries as it circulates in body

systolic pressure

top value

contraction of heart

“lub” sound

diastolic pressure

bottom value

relaxation of heart

“dub” sound

CNS contains

brain and spinal cord

PNS function

sensory info for CNS

PNS contains

everything outside of brain and spinal cord

hindbrain contains

medulla oblongata

pons

cerebellum

medulla oblongata

medulla manages

regulation of breathing, blood pressure and heart rate

pons

pons passes

transmits signals between forebrain and cerebellum

cerebellum

cerebellum coordinates

balance and movement, coordination

midbrain function

alertness, sleep/wake cycle, motor activities

“mid controls”

M- movement

I- involvement in sleep/wake cycle

D- detection of auditory and visual reflexes

forebrain contains

cerebrum (largest most developed part of brain)

forebrain functions

contains primary & sensory cortices

associations areas allow for complex analysis

limbic system: memory & emotional aspects of behavior

substrate for conscious experience

grey matter

site of integration

white matter

signal highways

frontal lobe

deep thought decision making

partial lobe

sensory info

occipital lobe

focusing on vision

temporal lobe

hearing and rhythm in speech memory

PNS splits into

autonomic nervous

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system splits into

sympathetic

parasympathetic

sympathetic

“fight or flight”

increase HR

increase respiration

slow digestion

parasympathetic

“rest and digest”

decrease HR

digestion occurs

dendrites

branch-like structures that receive signals

axon terminal

carry signals away

synapse

how nerves communicate

glial cells function

maintain chemical balance for signaling between cells

immune function

sustain the blood brain barrier

myelin sheath production

generate cerebrospinal fluid

afferent

sensory neurons

input info from body to brain

efferent

motor neurons

output away from the CNS

mechanical digestion in mouth

physically breaking down food

chemical digestion in mouth

saliva (helps lubricate food)

enzymes breakdown nutrients

esophagus

peristalsis occurs which pushes food bolus down

stomach chemical digestion

occurs via pepsin and hydrochloric acid

stomach mechanical digestion

occurs by churning stomach mixing food with gastric juices to produce chyme

duodenum

shortest segment

chemical digestion of chyme

breakdown

jejunum

absorption of nutrients

ileum

absorption of nutrients

ascending colon “ascending absorbs”

absorbs water and salts

solidify waste into formed stool

transverse colon “transverse transports”

longest and most mobile

strange sit of digested food

more absorption of water and salts

descending colon “descending drives down”

carries solid waste to rectum until deification

large intestine primary site for

water reabsorption

lower esophageal sphincter

separates the esophagus from stomach

pyloric spinchter

separates stomach from small intestine

liver

largest internal organ

metabolizes carbs and proteins

produces bile which is necessary for lipid breakdown

gallbladder

storage facility for bile produced by liver

pancreas

produces pancreatic juices to help neutralize chyme

gastrin

found in g cells of stomach

stimulate gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen and HCl

cholecystokinin

found in I cells of duodenum and jejunum

digests fats and proteins

stimulates gallbladder to release bile