Upper Extremities Fascia and Muscles

Flashcards covering the upper extremities fascia and muscles, specifically focusing on the pectoral region, shoulder region, arm region, forearm region, palmar region, and muscles of the hand.

Pectoral Fascia

Invests the pectoralis major muscle and is continuous inferiorly with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall.

Axillary Fascia

Forms the floor of the axilla and is continuous with the pectoral fascia; clinically relevant in brachial plexus blocks.

Clavipectoral Fascia

Deep to the pectoral fascia; invests the pectoralis minor muscle and is continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia.

Deltoid Fascia

Covers the deltoid muscle and is continuous anteriorly with the pectoral fascia and posteriorly with the infraspinous fascia.

Brachial Fascia

Sheath of deep fascia enclosing the arm, continuous with deltoid, pectoral, axillary, and infraspinous fascias superiorly, and antebrachial fascia inferiorly.

Medial and Lateral Intermuscular Septa

Extensions of brachial fascia attaching to bone, forming fascial compartments to limit infection and hemorrhage spread in the arm.

Antebrachial Fascia

Sheath of deep fascia enclosing the forearm, continuous superiorly with brachial fascia, thickening inferiorly to form bands over distal radius and ulna.

Extensor Retinaculum

Transverse band in the posterior region of the forearm that retains extensor tendons in place.

Flexor Retinaculum (Transverse Carpal Ligament)

Forms the roof of the carpal tunnel, containing flexor tendons and the median nerve.

Palmar Carpal Ligament

In the anterior region superficial to the flexor retinaculum, and continuous with the extensor retinaculum in the posterior region.

Palmar Fascia

Inferior continuation of the antebrachial fascia onto the hand.

Palmar Aponeurosis

Thick and strong, overlies the central compartment of the palm and is continuous superiorly with the flexor retinaculum and palmaris longus tendon.

Thenar Fascia

Forms the lateral compartment of the hand, containing the thenar muscles at the base of the thumb.

Hypothenar Fascia

Forms medial compartment of hand, containing hypothenar muscles proximal to the base of the 5th finger.

Pectoralis Major

Adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly; innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves.

Pectoralis Minor

Stabilizes scapula; innervated by medial pectoral nerve; forms a bridge with the coracoid process.

Subclavius

Anchors and depresses clavicle; innervated by nerves to subclavius; protects subclavian vessels and brachial plexus.

Serratus Anterior

Protects and stabilizes scapula; innervated by long thoracic nerve.

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula; innervated by accessory nerve (CN XI).

Latissimus Dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus; innervated by thoracodorsal nerve.

Levator Scapulae

Elevates and rotates scapula; innervated by dorsal scapular nerve.

Rhomboid Minor and Major

Retract and rotates scapula; innervated by dorsal scapular nerve.

Deltoid

Flexes and medially rotates arm (anterior), abducts arm (middle), extends and laterally rotates arm (posterior); innervated by axillary nerve.

Teres Major

Adducts and medially rotates arm; innervated by lower subscapular nerve.

Supraspinatus

Abduction of arm (assists deltoid in the initial 15 degrees); innervated by suprascapular nerve.

Infraspinatus

Laterally rotates arm; innervated by suprascapular nerve.

Teres Minor

Laterally rotates arm; innervated by axillary nerve.

Subscapularis

Medially rotates arm; innervated by upper and lower subscapular nerves.

Biceps Brachii

Flexes and supinates forearm; innervated by musculocutaneous nerve.

Brachialis

Flexes forearm; innervated by musculocutaneous nerve; main flexor of forearm.

Coracobrachialis

Flexes and adducts the arm; innervated by musculocutaneous nerve.

Triceps Brachii

Extends forearm; innervated by radial nerve; has long, medial, and lateral heads.

Anconeus

Assists triceps in extending the forearm; innervated by radial nerve.

Pronator Teres

Pronates forearm and flexes elbow; innervated by median nerve.

Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)

Flexes and abducts hand; innervated by median nerve.

Palmaris Longus

Flexes hand and tenses palmar aponeurosis; innervated by median nerve.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)

Flexes and adducts hand; innervated by ulnar nerve.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)

Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints of 2nd-5th digits; innervated by median nerve.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)

Flexes distal interphalangeal joints of 2nd-5th digits; innervated by ulnar and median nerves.

Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)

Flexes phalanges of 1st digit (thumb); innervated by median nerve.

Pronator Quadratus

Pronates forearm; innervated by median nerve.

Brachioradialis

Flexes forearm; innervated by radial nerve; on anterolateral surface of forearm.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)

Extends and abducts hand; innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

Extends and abducts hand; innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Digitorum

Extends 2nd-5th digits; innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)

Extends fifth digit; innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

Extends and adducts hand; innervated by radial nerve.

Supinator

Supinates forearm; innervated by radial nerve.

Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)

Abducts and extends 1st digit (thumb); innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)

Extends 1st digit (thumb); innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)

Extends 1st digit (thumb); innervated by radial nerve.

Extensor Indicis

Extends 2nd digit (index finger); innervated by radial nerve.

Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB)

Abducts 1st digit (thumb), helps opposition; innervated by median nerve.

Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB)

Flexes 1st digit (thumb); innervated by median nerve.

Opponens Pollicis

Opposes 1st digit (thumb); innervated by median nerve.

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Abducts 5th digit; innervated by ulnar nerve.

Flexor Digiti Minimi

Flexes 5th digit; innervated by ulnar nerve.

Opponens Digiti Minimi

Rotates 5th digit bringing it into opposition with the thumb; innervated by ulnar nerve.

Lumbricals

Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joint and extend interphalangeal joints of 2nd-5th digits; innervated by median nerve.

Dorsal Interossei

Abduct fingers; innervated by ulnar nerve.

Palmar Interossei

Adduct fingers; innervated by ulnar nerve.