Software Design & Testing Review

According to the Agile Manifesto, what is valued more: "Individuals and interactions" or "processes and tools"?

Individuals and interactions

According to the Agile Manifesto, what is valued more: "Working software" or "comprehensive documentation"?

Working software

According to the Agile Manifesto, what is valued more: "Customer collaboration" or "contract negotiation"?

Customer collaboration

According to the Agile Manifesto, what is valued more: "Responding to change" or "following a plan"?

Responding to change

What is the highest priority according to the Agile principles?

To satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.

According to Agile Principle #2, how should teams view changing requirements, even late in development?

They should welcome them, harnessing change for the customer's competitive advantage.

What is the preferred timescale for delivering working software according to the Agile principles?

From a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference for the shorter timescale.

Agile Principle #4 states that business people and developers must work together how often?

Daily throughout the project.

Agile Principle #6 states that the most efficient method of conveying information within a team is what?

Face-to-face conversation.

What is the primary measure of progress in Agile development?

Working software.

What does Agile Principle #10 define as "essential"?

Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done.

According to Agile Principle #11, where do the best architectures and designs emerge from?

Self-organizing teams.

What is the goal of the 12th Agile principle, which states teams should reflect at regular intervals?

To become more effective by tuning and adjusting their behavior.

In Scrum, who is responsible for the Product Backlog and prioritizing tasks?

The Product Owner.

In Scrum, who is responsible for the process and acts as a facilitator for the team?

The Scrum Master.

In Scrum, who is responsible for the product and decides what tasks go into the Sprint Backlog?

The Development Team.

What is the Scrum artifact that is a list of all desired outcomes for the product, sorted by importance?

The Product Backlog.

What is the Scrum artifact that contains the set of Product Backlog items selected for the current Sprint?

The Sprint Backlog.

What Scrum artifact tracks the progress toward the end of the sprint, often shown as a chart?

The Burndown Chart.

What is the event in Scrum where the team selects items from the Product Backlog for the Sprint Backlog?

Sprint Planning.

What are the three questions typically asked during a Daily Scrum?

1. What did you do yesterday? 2. What will you do today? 3. Do you have any impediments?

What is the time-box for a Daily Scrum meeting?

15 minutes.

What two meetings occur at the end of a Sprint?

The Sprint Review (product demo) and the Sprint Retrospective (process review).

In Kanban, what is the role equivalent to the Scrum Master?

The Agile Coach.

What Kanban artifact shows the status of tasks and includes Work In Progress (WIP) limits?

The Kanban Board.

What Kanban artifact is used to visualize progress, identify bottlenecks, and monitor flow?

The Cumulative Flow Diagram.

How does the development cycle in Scrum (using Sprints) differ from Kanban?

Scrum uses fixed-length iterations (Sprints), while Kanban uses a continuous flow.

What is Scrumban designed to be great for?

Project management for teams that handle product development and its maintenance together.

What is the main difference in planning between Scrum and Scrumban?

Scrum has fixed Sprint Planning meetings, while Scrumban uses triggered planning when the backlog runs low.

According to the lecture slides, is Agile useful for every project?

No, it is not.

What is the primary goal of Engineering, as defined in the course?

To design solutions to problems.

What is the definition of Engineering provided in Week 1?

The application of knowledge to solve a problem and fulfill a need. (Design and build)

What is the key difference between Science and Engineering according to the course?

Science seeks to understand the natural world, while Engineering uses that knowledge to design solutions to problems.

What is the purpose of the "Prepare" phase in the Requirements Gathering process?

To define the scope, ensure the right people are involved, and send an agenda.

What is the purpose of the "Conduct" phase in the Requirements Gathering process?

To review the scope and agenda, stay professional, and ensure all participants are heard.

What is the purpose of the "Follow up" phase in the Requirements Gathering process?

To distribute meeting notes, follow up on open action items, and schedule the next meeting.

What are the five categories of interview questions discussed in the course?

Engaging, Probing, Domain-specific, SME (Subject Matter Expert), and Process and Detail.

What is the goal of "Engaging" interview questions?

To ask generic questions that apply to all domains to understand high-level goals, risks, and success metrics. (e.g., "What does success look for this project?")

What is the goal of "Probing" interview questions?

To ask detailed questions that look below the surface to uncover root causes and deeper understanding. (e.g., "Tell me more about…", "What makes you feel that way?")

What is the goal of "Domain-specific" interview questions?

To ask questions that relate to the specific industry, business processes, and regulations. (e.g., "What regulations are abided by?")

What is the goal of "SME" (Subject Matter Expert) interview questions?

To ask questions that relate to a person's specific role, responsibilities, and tools. (e.g., "With whom do you interact to carry out your responsibilities?")

What is the goal of "Process and Detail" interview questions?

To ask questions that relate to the specific steps, triggers, and dependencies of a given process. (e.g., "What needs to be done to accomplish this step?", "Are you dependent on other teams?")

What kind of interview question is: "What does success look like for this project?"

Engaging

What kind of interview question is: "So, what I hear you saying is…"?

Probing

What kind of interview question is: "What regulations are abided by?"

Domain-specific

What kind of interview question is: "With whom do you interact to carry out your responsibilities?"

SME (Subject Matter Expert)

What kind of interview question is: "What needs to be done to accomplish this step?"

Process and Detail

During brainstorming, what is the rule regarding criticizing ideas?

The no-criticism rule is enforced; all ideas are welcome without judgment.

During brainstorming, is quantity or quality of ideas more important initially?

Quantity is more important than quality during the initial brainstorming phase.

During brainstorming, how should participants view wild ideas?

Wild ideas are good and should be encouraged.

What is a User Story in Agile software development?

A tool used to capture a description of a software feature from an end-user perspective.

What is the standard format for writing a User Story?

As a , I want to , so that .

What does the INVEST acronym stand for in the context of User Stories?

Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, Testable.

What does the 'I' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Independent - The story should be as self-contained as possible and not dependent on other stories.

What does the 'N' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Negotiable - The story is not a fixed contract; its details can be discussed and changed.

What does the 'V' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Valuable - The story must deliver value to the user or the owner of the system.

What does the 'E' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Estimable - The development team should be able to estimate the effort required to build it.

What does the 'S' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Small - The story should not be too large; it should be a manageable size for a single sprint.

What does the 'T' in INVEST mean for a User Story?

Testable - The story must be able to be verified through tests (e.g., acceptance criteria).

Is this a well-written User Story? "As a programmer, I want all my code to be bug free so I can work on any project I choose."

No, it is not testable, estimable, or realistically valuable in that absolute sense.

What are two advantages of written requirements?

They provide a permanent record and can be easily shared with groups of people.

What is a major disadvantage of written requirements?

They can be time-consuming to produce and easily misinterpreted.

What are two advantages of verbal requirements?

They allow for instantaneous feedback and can spark ideas about problems and opportunities.

What is a major disadvantage of verbal requirements?

Conversations can be remembered differently by different people and are harder to share across groups.

What is the main purpose of the "Specify and Model Requirements" task?

To analyze, synthesize, and refine elicitation results into requirements and designs.

What is the main purpose of the "Verify Requirements" task?

To ensure requirements and designs meet quality standards and are usable. (Are we building the thing right?)

What is the main purpose of the "Validate Requirements" task?

To ensure that all requirements and designs align to business needs and support delivering value. (Are we building the right thing?)

What is the main purpose of the "Define Requirements Architecture" task?

To ensure all requirements collectively support one another to fully achieve the business objectives.

What is the main purpose of the "Define Solution Options" task?

To define the solution approach, identify improvement opportunities, and represent design options.

What is the main purpose of the "Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution" task?

To estimate the potential value for each design option and recommend the most appropriate one.

What is a Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) used for?

To trace and link requirements from their origin (e.g., business needs) through to implementation and testing.

In a Traceability Matrix, what might you trace a Functional Requirement back to?

A Business Requirement.

In a Traceability Matrix, what might you trace a Test Case back to?

A Functional Requirement.

What is a RACI chart used for?

To clarify roles and responsibilities for activities (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed).

What does the 'R' in a RACI chart stand for?

Responsible - The person who does the work to complete the task.

What does the 'A' in a RACI chart stand for?

Accountable - The person who is ultimately answerable for the correct completion of the task.

What is Gap Analysis used for?

To compare the current state with the desired future state to identify gaps and create an action plan to bridge them.

What is the Business Model Canvas (BMC)?

A strategic management template for developing new or documenting existing business models.

What technique is used to ensure requirements are "clear, relevant, economical, adequate, quantifiable, and trustworthy"?

Metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

According to the slides, what are the six characteristics of a good KPI or metric?

Clear, Relevant, Economical, Adequate, Quantifiable, Trustworthy and Credible.

What technique involves a structured examination of a work product by one or more individuals to find defects or gain consensus?

Reviews.

What technique involves analyzing existing documentation to understand the current state and requirements?

Document Analysis.

What technique is used to assess the financial feasibility of a solution by comparing costs and benefits?

Financial Analysis (e.g., Cost-Benefit Analysis).

What technique is used to identify, analyze, and manage potential risks to the project?

Risk Analysis and Management.

What is a Risk Register?

A document used to track identified risks, their probability, impact, and mitigation strategies.

What type of diagram is used in Risk Analysis to visualize the probability and impact of risks?

A Risk Matrix.

What technique can be used for "Define Requirements Architecture" to show the structure of data?

Data Modelling (e.g., Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Class Diagrams).

What technique breaks down a complex function into its constituent parts in a hierarchical structure?

Functional Decomposition.

What technique can be used for "Define Requirements Architecture" to show organizational structure, such as functional or matrix models?

Organizational Modelling.

What technique can be used for "Define Solution Options" by comparing practices and performance against others?

Benchmarking and Market Analysis.

What technique can be used for "Define Solution Options" by reviewing past projects to identify successes and failures?

Lessons Learned.

What technique can be used for "Define Solution Options" to visually organize information and generate ideas?

Mind Mapping.

What technique can be used for "Define Solution Options" to identify the fundamental cause of a problem?

Root Cause Analysis.

What technique can be used for "Analyze Potential Value" to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats?

SWOT Analysis.

In a SWOT Analysis, what type of strategy uses strengths to exploit opportunities?

SO Strategies (Strengths-Opportunities).

Can the "Interviews" technique be used in the "Define Requirements Architecture" task?

Yes, interviews can be used to help structure and connect requirements.

Can the "Backlog Management" technique be used in the "Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution" task?

Yes, it is listed as a technique for this task.

Can the "Estimation" technique be used in the "Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution" task?

Yes, it is listed as a technique for this task.

Into which two main categories are UML diagrams divided?

Structural Diagrams and Behavioral Diagrams.

Is a Class Diagram a Structural or Behavioral UML diagram?

Structural.