American Pageant Ch 25 Question Review (Originally made by Owen_Wiley, edited and added to by Luke Dugoni) (2nd edit by Ashton Wong)

When would cities in the United States boast a million inhabitants?

What three cities would have a population larger than 1 million?

What was the 2nd largest city in the world and what was its population in 1900?

What would be the largest city in the world in 1900?

1890

New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia

New York, 3.5 million

London

By how much did the population of Buenos Aires grow between 1850 and 1900?

Name at least 3 cities that doubled or tripled in size between 1850 and 1900

It multiplied by more than ten

London, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo, Moscow, Mexico City, Calcutta, and Shanghai

What allowed a ten-story building/skyscraper in Chicago be usable?

Which Chicago architect contributed formidably to the development of the skyscraper?

What was his famous principle?

perfection of electric elevators

Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)

"form follows function"

What was powered by wagging antennae from overhead wires, and propelled city limits explosively outward?

Electric trolleys

What would the difference be from the number of people using electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones from 1880 to 1900?

50,000 to 1 million

In which city was the nation's first subway created?

What city led the way of building subway starting in 1863?

Boston

London

What were the engineering marvels?

skyscraper and Brooklyn Bridge in New York

What are the names of city where its boundaries that are fixed by limits of leg-power, gave way to immense and impersonal megapolis, carved into districts for business, industry, and residential neighborhoods?

"walking city"

What department stores were created in New York and Chicago?

Who would it provide urban working-class jobs for?

Macy's in New York and Marshall Field's in Chicago

women

What novel did Theodore Dreiser write? Who was the heroine of the novel that escaped from rural boredom to Chicago?

Sister Carrie (1900)

Carrie Meeber

What mail-order houses didn't at first list trash barrels or garbage cans in their catalogues?

What did it displace?

Sears and Montgomery Ward

rural "general store"

What were cities monuments of?

What did they represent?

contradiction

"humanity compressed"

A visitor visiting what state reminded them of "a lady in ball costume, with diamonds in her ears, and her toes out at the boots"?

New York

What became "an issue to the new urban age?"

Waste disposal

What city was described as smelling like a billion polecats?

Baltimore

What were human pigsties known as?

What led to the rise of slums?

Slums

The perfection of the "dumbbell" tenement in 1879

How was the "dumbbell" named?

How many stories high was the dumbbell?

outline of floor plan

seven or eight

Where were the majority of New York slums found where hundreds would cough away their lives? What were the tenements where the half-starved and unemployed might sleep known as?

New York's "Lung Block"

"Flophouses"

Who was the first person to cross the Brooklyn Bridge?

Emily Warren Roebling

What event destroyed 2/3 of downtown Chicago?

How many people did it leave homeless?

How many buildings did it destroy?

The Great Chicago Fire

90,000

15,000

Where did the wealthy begin to leave risky cities to?

"bedroom communities" (in semirural suburbs)

How many people immigrated to America between 1850 and 1870?

How many in the 1880's?

What was the record rate of immigration?

Where did most immigrants come from?

How many Chinese Immigrants were there in the 1880s?

2 million

5 million

2,100 a day in 1882

British Isles, Germany, Ireland

300,000

What were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe classified as? What groups were among them?

What percent of the impouring immigrants did they account for in the 1880s?

1900s?

New Immigrants

Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles

19%

66%

What claimed more inhabitants than many of the largest cities of the same nationality in the Old World?

"Little Italys" and "Little Polands" in New York and Chicago

What supplies would lead the Old World to nearly double in the century after the 1800?

fish and grain from America

the potato in Europe

How many Europeans abandoned the Old Continent and immigrated to other continents?

How many of those immigrants went to the United States?

60 million

1/2 of them to U.S.

What proved highly contagious in Europe?

What convinced relatives of immigrants to go to America as well?

"America fever"

"American letters"

What country would people only get to eat in easter while able eat regularly in the United States?

Poland

In what country would their citizens turn violently on their own Jews leading them to flee their burning homes?

What notable seaboard city of the Atlantic Coast would they make their way to?

What made Jews unique among the New Immigrants?

Russia

New York

They had experienced city life in Europe

What did Mary Antin write?

The Promised Land

What were immigrants who returned to their home country after making a profit known as?

What percent of 20 million immigrants who arrived from 1820 to 1900 were they?

What group of people were many of these immigrants?

"Birds of passage"

25%

single men

What pastors preached the "social gospel" to slums and factories, declaring that the Sermon on the Mount was the science of society? What were they known as?

Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden

"Christian socialists"

Who was one middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses?

Jane Addams

Who established the most prominent American settlement house? What was the house called? What award did she eventually win?

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

Hull House

Noble Prize in 1931

Who told Jane Addams "You utter instinctively the truth we others vainly seek?"

William James

What organization nullified Jane Addams' membership due to her antiwar views?

Daughters of the American Revolution

What were founded by women following Addams's lead? What was one famous settlement house in New York? Who created it?

settlement houses

Henry Street Settlement in New York (opened doors in 1893)

Lillian Wald

Who led Hull House's lobbying for an anti-sweatshop law passed in 1893? For what organization was she general secretary? What settlement did she move to?

Florence Kelley

The National Consumers League

Henry Street Settlement

What were nativists worried that America was becoming?

a dumping ground

What wages were immigrants willing to work for?

"starvation" wages

What were antiforeign organizations reminiscent of?

"Know-Nothings" of antebellum days

What notorious antiforeign organization discriminated against Roman Catholics?

The American Protective Association (APA)

When was the first restrictive law passed against immigrants?

What restrictive law was passed in the same year?

1882

Chinese Exclusion Act

What did Congress prohibit in 1885 in response to outcries from organized labors?

importation of foreign workers under contract

What favored the Old Immigrants over the New that was not enacted until 1917?

literacy test

What arose in New York harbor in 1886? Who was gifted by?

The Statue of Liberty

France

Whose words are on the base of the Statue of Liberty?

Emma Lazarus

Who was a pillar of the Baptist Church? Who was a pillar of the Episcopal Church?

John D. Rockefeller

J. Pierpont Morgan

What did cynics say about the Episcopal Church?

It had become "the Republican Party at prayer"

What group rejected bible literalism and related the Bible to modern times?

Where did it have its roots from?

What movement did they ally themself with?

Liberal Protestants

Unitarian Revolt against Orthodox Calvinism

"social gospel" movement

Who was one famous liberal Protestant?

What were they formerly?

Dwight Lyman Moody

shoe salesman

What became the largest single denomination in 1900?

How many communicants did it number?

Roman Catholics

9 million

What Catholic leader pandered to both Catholics and Protestants?

From what presidents was he acquainted with?

Cardinal James Gibbons (1834-1921)

Johnson to Harding

How many religious denominations were in America?

What were the two new religions that arose during the Gilded Age?

150

The Salvation Army and The Church of Christ, Scientist (aka Christian Science)

Who started the Church of Christ, Scientist?

What book did she set forth her views in?

Mary Baker Eddy

Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)

What organizations combined physical and other kinds of education with religious instruction?

What were these organizations known as?

The Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations (YMCA and YWCA)

the "Ys"

Who pioneered the idea evolution through "natural selection"? What did his ideas reject?

Charles Darwin

dogma of special creations

Who was the Harvard Zoologist who stood by the idea of "special creations?"

Louis Agassiz

What theory did the majority of scientists in America believe in?

organic evolution

What did the conservative minority that stood firmly behind the Scripture as the infallible Words of God think about Darwinism's belief?

thought it was "bestial hypothesis"

How many highs schools were there in 1900?

6000

What were teacher-training schools known as back then?

"normal schools"

What movement sponsored public lectures and home study courses for education?

Where was it launched?

The Chautauqua movement

Lake Chautauqua in New York

What was developing in the United States that more and more states made compulsory by 1870?

gradeschool education

How many Teacher-training schools ("normal" schools) were there in 1860? How many were there in 1910?

12

Over 300

What school related thing was borrowed from the Germans that would begin to gain strong support?

Kindergarten

What did the percent rate of failing literacy tests drop from 1870 to 1900 because of public schools?

20 percent in 1870 to 10.7 percent in 1900

Who told their large white audience "In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress"

Booker T. Washington

What percent of nonwhites were illiterate in 1900?

44%

Who was the champion of black education? What was his autobiography titled?

ex-slave Booker T. Washington

"Up from Slavery" (1900)

Where was Booker Washington called to in 1881 to head the black normal and industrial school at?

How many students did he begin with?

Why did he choose to teach black students?

Tuskegee, Alabama

40

so they could gain economic security and self-respect

What was Booker T. Washington's self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems labeled because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy?

What issue did he avoid?

"accommodationist"

social equality

What school did Booker Washington train young blacks in agriculture and guided the curriculum at?

Tuskegee Institute

To whom was the Tuskegee Institute an ideal place to teach and research?

When would they join faculty and what would they become?

What uses did they find for peanut, sweet potato, and soybean?

George Washington Carver

internationally famous agricultural chemist

Peanuts: shampoo, axle grease

Sweet potatoes: vinegar

Soybean: paint

What did Du Bois found?

How old was he when he died?

Where did he die?

What of the black community did he argue should've been given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life?

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

95 years old

self-exile in Africa

"talented teeth"

Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard?

What did he say when he earned his Ph.D.?

As they weren't Anglo-Saxon, what comment would they add on to that?

What did he found? How old was he when he died? What did they assail Booker T. Washington as?

W. E. B. Du Bois

"The honor, I assure you, was Harvard's"

"Thank God, no Anglo-Saxon"

"Uncle Tom"

What were three famous black colleges in America?

What was a famous women's college?

Howard University (D.C.), Hampton Institute (Virginia), Atlanta University

Vassar

What act was responsible for the phenomenal growth of higher education?

Morill Act of 1862

What were colleges enabled by the Morrill Act called?

What type of universities did these colleges become?

What extended the Morrill Act?

Land-grant colleges

State Universities

The Hatch Act of 1887

What were some famous land-grant colleges?

University of California (1868), the Ohio State University (1870), and Texas A&M (1876)

What were some famous privately funded universities?

Cornell (1865), Leland Stanford Junior (1891), and the University of Chicago (1892)

What was Leland Stanford Junior university founded in memory of?

deceased 15 yr old only child of a builder of Central pacific Railroad

What allowed the University of Chicago to speedily forge into a front-rank position?

Rockefeller's oil millions

How old was Rockefeller when he died?

How much money did he give out for philanthropic purposes?

97

$550 million

What university maintained the nation's first high-grade graduate school? What future president studied there and earned their Ph.D.?

Johns Hopkins University (1876)

Dr. Woodrow Wilson

What was the idea that knowledge and morality existed in a single system, stressed by antebellum colleges?

"unity of truth"

What chemist changed Harvard's motto after becoming Harvard's college president?

What were Harvard's two mottos?

Charles W. Eliot

The motto was changed from "Christo et Ecclesiae"(For Christ and Church) to "Veritas"(Truth)

What was the motto for patent medicine and Indian remedies?

"good for man or beast"

Who were two scientists who expanded the field of medicine?

French scientist Louis Pasteur and English physician Joseph Lister

What Harvard faculty member wrote about American psychology?

How long were they on Harvard Faculty?

What book of his would help establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology?

What two books explored the philosophy and psychology of religion?

What would be his greatest contribution to the history of philosophy that would explain that the truth of an idea was to be tested by its practical consequences?

William James

35 years

"Principles of Psychology" (1890)

"Pragmatism"

"The Will to Believe" and "Varieties of Religious Experience"

concept of Pragmatism

What two books were bestsellers in the 1880s?

"David Copperfield" and "Ivanhoe"

What library provided thirteen acres of floor space in the largest and costliest edifice of its kind in the world in 1897?

Magnificent Library of Congress building

How much money did Carnegie contribute to libraries?

How many libraries would this help construct in the U.S.?

How many libraries would this help construct around the English-speaking world (from England to New Zealand)?

How many libraries were there in America by 1900?

$60 million

1,700 in America

750 around the world

9,000

What invention quickened the production of books and newspapers?

The Linotype

What did critics call sex, scandals, and other human-interest stories in headlines?

"presstiutes"

What newspaper did Pulitzer own that demonstrated he was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism?

St. Louis Post Dispatch and New York World

Who pioneered "yellow journalism?"

What gave the name "yellow journalism"?

Joseph Pulitzer

his use of colored comic supplements featuring "yellow kid"

Who was a competitor of Pulitzer that created the "San Francisco Examiner"?

What college were they expelled from for a crude prank?

William Randolph Hearst

Harvard College

What did both Pulitzer and Hearst do to conquer?

What was founded in the 1840s and offset Pulitzer and Hearst's flair for scandal?

"stooped, snooped, and scooped to conquer"

The Associated Press

What notable magazines partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading?

old East coast: "Harper's", "Atlantic Monthly", "Scribner's Monthly"

new western entrants: California based "Overland Monthly"