APWH Unit 7

The Sick Man of Europe

Nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire by the end of the 19th century.

Young Ottomans

A group that called for liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire, influenced by Western ideas.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms aimed at modernization in the Ottoman Empire, though they did not reverse its decline.

Young Turks

Reform-minded group that aimed for a complete modernization of the Ottoman Empire and promoted Turkic nationalism.

Russian Revolution of 1905

A series of events sparked by middle and working class grievances that led to reforms but were ultimately suppressed.

Bolsheviks

A Marxist group led by Vladimir Lenin that successfully overthrew the Russian government in 1917.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864 against the Qing Dynasty, resulting in millions of deaths.

Sino-Japanese War

Conflict that exposed the weakness of the Qing Dynasty, demonstrating China's inability to match Japan's industrialized military.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China that was suppressed by an alliance of foreign powers.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictatorial leader of Mexico from the late 19th century to early 20th century, whose policies led to widespread discontent.

Francisco Madero

Political rival to Diaz, elected president in 1910 but assassinated in 1913, sparking further revolution.

Mexican Revolution

A complex series of events from 1910-1920 that led to major social and political changes in Mexico.

Militarism

Belief that countries should build up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

Triple Alliance

Military alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary before WWI.

Triple Entente

Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia before and during WWI.

Lebensraum

German term for 'living space,' used by Hitler to justify territorial expansion.

Total War

A war that requires the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended WWI and imposed harsh penalties on Germany.

Hyperinflation

A situation in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value, notably experienced by Germany after WWI.

Collectivization of Agriculture

Stalin's policy to consolidate individual landholdings into collective farms in the Soviet Union.