Ch 24 Learning Objectives

Urinary System

24.1.1 Identify the structures that compose the urinary system, and describe the general function of each.

24.1.2 List the functions of the kidneys.

24.2.3 Describe the location of the kidneys in the body.

24.2.4 List and describe the four tissue layers that surround and support the kidneys.

24.2.5 Identify and describe the two distinct regions of the kidney and the components of each.

24.2.6 Explain the relationship among minor calyces, major calyces, and renal pelvis.

24.2.7 Explain the autonomic innervation of the kidney.

24.3.8 Identify and describe a renal corpuscle and its components.

24.3.9 Identify and describe the location and structure of the three components of a renal tubule.

24.3.10 Name and compare the two types of nephrons and the functional differences between them.

24.3.11 Explain the relationship between collecting tubules and collecting ducts.

24.3.12 Compare and contrast the functions of the two types of specialized epithelial cells found within collecting tubules and ducts.

24.3.13 Identify the location and describe the structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

24.3.14 Explain the functions of both granular cells and cells of the macula densa.

24.3.15 List the series of blood vessels for the path of blood flow into and out of the kidney.

24.4.16 Identify the three different capillaries within the kidney and describe the function of each as the site of either the filtration of blood or the exchange of gases and nutrients.

24.4.17 Differentiate among filtrate, tubular fluid, and urine, and list the urinary system structures that transport each of these fluids.

24.4.18 Trace the fluid from its formation at the renal corpuscle until it exits the body through the urethra.

24.5.19 Compare and contrast the renal processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

24.5.20 Identify and describe the three layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane.

24.5.21 List examples of substances that are freely filtered, that are not filtered, and that are filtered in a limited way.

24.5.22 Describe the phagocytic function of mesangial cells.

24.5.23 Define glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg), and explain why it is higher than the pressure in other capillaries.

24.5.24 Name and describe two pressures that oppose HPg.

24.5.25 Explain how to calculate the net filtration pressure.

24.5.26 Define glomerular filtration rate, the factors that influence it, and the factors that it influences.

24.5.27 Describe what is meant by intrinsic and extrinsic controls, and list examples of each.

24.5.28 Compare and contrast the myogenic response and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, which are involved in renal autoregulation.

24.5.29 Explain the effects of sympathetic division stimulation on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

24.5.30 Describe the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

24.5.31 Explain the primary anatomic structures and physiologic conditions that affect tubular reabsorption and secretion

24.6.32 Define transport maximum and renal threshold.

24.6.33 Explain the reabsorption of nutrients such as glucose.

24.6.34 Describe the process by which protein is transported out of the filtrate and into the blood.

24.6.35 List substances for which reabsorption is regulated.

24.6.36 Describe how the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate occurs.

24.6.37 Describe the reabsorption of water, and compare how it is regulated by the actions of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

24.6.38 Describe how pH is regulated by intercalated cells.

24.6.39 Name the three nitrogenous waste products, and describe the fate of each.

24.6.40 List examples of other substances typically eliminated by kidneys.

24.6.41 Explain what is meant by the countercurrent multiplier that occurs within the nephron loop.

24.6.42 Describe the countercurrent exchange system that maintains the concentration gradient.

24.06.43 Explain the contribution of urea cycling to the concentration gradient.

24.7.44 Describe how glomerular filtration rate is measured.

24.6.45 Define renal plasma clearance and its importance.

24.6.46 Identify the substance that is normally produced within the body that may be measured to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

24.8.53 Describe how we may have conscious control over micturition.56:60

24.8.48 Explain what is meant by specific gravity.

24.8.49 Describe the structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

24.8.50 Compare and contrast the female urethra and male urethra.

24.8.51 Define micturition.

24.8.52 Compare and contrast the storage reflex and the micturition reflex.

24.8.53 Describe how we may have conscious control over micturition.