ATR 515 Functional Anatomy Final Terms

What is the definition of an accessory motion?

the manner in which one articulating joint surface moves relative to another

What is the acetabulum?

the cup-shaped socket in the pelvis that forms the hip joint

What is the definition of agonist?

the main muscle that contracts to produce a specific movement

What is the annular ligament?

the fibrous structure in the body that encircles certain joints which provide stability and support

What is the definition of an antagonist?

a muscle that opposes the action of another muscle

What is aponeurosis/fascia?

sheet-like elastic tendon structures

What is articular/hyaline cartilage?

a firm connective tissue that provides structural support and smooth joint surfaces in the body

What is the definition of active range of motion (AROM)?

the degree of movement that a joint can achieve through voluntary muscle contraction

What is the definition of passive range of motion (PROM)?

movement of a joint through its full range of motion without any efoort from the individual

What is the definition of resisted range of motion (RROM)?

the assessment of joint movement against resistance

What is the definition of atrophy?

reduction in size of an organ or tissue

What is the definition of hypertrophy?

enlargement in size of an organ or a tissue

What is the axilla?

armpit, serves as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

What bones are the base of the head?

occipital bone, temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

What is the space at the base of the head called?

craninal cavity

What is the definition of a break test?

a specific assessment used to evaluate the integrity and fucntion of bones, joints, and muscles

What is a bursa?

a small, fluid-filled sac located in joints and reduces friction between muscles, bones, and tendons

What is the capitulum/capitellum?

a rounded, knob-like structure at the end of the bone

What is the carpal tunnel?

a narrow passageway on the palm side of the wrist

What is the definition of the carrying angle?

the angle formed between the humerus and the forearm when the arm is extended at the elbow

What is a concentric contraction?

a muscle contraction where the muscle shortens while generating force

What is a condyle?

the rounded protuberance at the end of a bone that forms an articulation with another bone

What is the coracoacromial arch/subacromial space?

the space between the acromion of the scapula and above the humeral head in the shoulder

What is the definition of the core body?

the central muscles that stabilize and support the spine and pelvis

What muscles are in the core body?

rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, internal/external obliques, erector spinae, multifidus, and diaphragm/pelvic floor muscles

What is the coxofemoral joint?

the hip joint

What is the cubital tunnel?

anatomical structure located on the medial elbow and serves as a passageway for the ulnar nerve

What is the definition of cubital varum?

the forearm is deviated towards the midline of the body when its extended

What is the definition of cubital valgum?

the forearm is deviated away from the midline of the body when its extended

What is the definition of cubital recurvatum?

hyperextension of the elbow

What is the definition of diaphysis?

the shaft of a long bone

What is a dynamic stabilizer?

anatomical structures that maintain stability and control during movements

• examples - muscles and tendons

What is an eccentric contraction?

a muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force

What is the definition of epiphysis?

the rounded end of a long bone

What is the definition of elasticity?

the ability of tissues to return to their original shape after being stretched or deformed

What is the Empty Can Test?

a test used to assess the suprapsinatus muscle of the rotator cuff muscles

What is Erb’s Point?

a network of nerves that innervates the arm and hand and is located in the brachial plexus, most superficial part of the brachial plexus

What is an extrinsic muscle?

muscles whose origin is outside of a specific organ that its insertion isn’t in

What is an intrinsic muscle?

muscles whose insertions and origins are within the same specific organ

What is a facet?

a small and flat surface of a bone or organ

What is a fast twitch muscle (type II)?

muscle fibers that are made for quick movements

What does a type IIb muscle fiber use for energy? What does it do?

anaerobic metabolism, short bursts of power

What does a type IIa muscle fiber use for energy? What does it do?

aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, provides balance of speed and endurance

What is a femoral triangle?

the region of the upper thigh that contains important structures

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

sartorius muscle

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

adductor longus muscle

What is the superior border of the femoral triangle?

inguinal ligament

What is a fixator?

muscles that stabilize a joint or a body part during movement that allows other muscles to perform their actions effectively, plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and coordinating movements

What is the definition of foramen?

an opening in a bone that allows for nerves, blood vessels, and other structures

What is the definition of forefoot?

the front part of the foot that consist of the toes and metatarsals, aids in balance, propulsion, and weight distribution while walking and running

What is force coupling?

muscles on opposite sides of the body doing the same overall action

What is the definition of forward head posture?

the head is positioned more forward and doesn’t align with the spine

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

divides the body into the front and back sides, involves abduction and adduction

What is the definition of genu valgum?

inward curvature of the knees, also known as knock-knees

What is the definition of genu varum?

outward curvature of the knees, also known as bow-leggedness

What is the definition of genu recurvatum?

hyperextension of the knee

What is the Gerber’s Lift Off Test?

a test that assesses the subscapularis muscle of the rotator cuff muscles

What is Gerdy’s tubercle?

the bony prominence that is located on the lateral and anterior aspect of the tibia

What is the hindfoot/rearfoot?

the posterior side of the foot that is made of the calcaneus and talus bones

What is the definition of Impingement Syndrome (shoulder)?

the tendons of the rotator cuff become irriated and inflamed as they pass through the shoulder joint

What is the definition of insertion of a muscle?

the ending point of the muscle, usually on the more movable part of the muscle and more distal

What is the definition of isokinetic?

a type of muscle contraction that occurs at a constant speed throughout the range of motion

What is the definition of isometric?

a muscle generates force without changing its length

What is the definition of isotonic?

a muscle changes length while maintaining constant tension, two types

What is the definition of kyphosis?

the natural outward curvature of the spine (thoracic & sacral/coccygeal regions)

What is the glenoid labrum?

the fibrocartilginous structure that surrounds the margin of the glenoid fossa on the shoulder blades

What is the acetabular labrum?

the fibrocartilaginous structure that surrounds the margin of the outer edge of the acetabulum

What is the LisFranc joint complex?

the group of joints in the midfoot that connect the metatarsal bones to the tarsal bones

What is the definition of lordosis?

the natural inward curvature of the spine (cervical & lumbar regions)

What is the definition of manual muscle test (MMT)?

a clinical assessment technique that is used to evaluate muscle strength and function

What is the midfoot?

the part of the foot that contains the navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, middle/intermediate cuneiform, and the lateral cuneiform, also provides weight-bearing stability and shock absorption

What is the mortise?

a cavity in a structure where one bone fits into another bone

• example - on the anterior ankle

What is a myofibril?

the part of the muscle that contains sacromeres which contain the actin and myosin

What is the definition of the origin of a muscle?

the starting point of the muscle, usually is on the less movable bone of the muscle and more proximal

What is the palmar/volar surface?

the front and inner surface of the hand

What is the pes anserine?

the insertion site for the SGT (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus) muscles, located ont he medial side of the tibia

What is the sagittal plane?

a plane that divides the body into right and left sides, involves flexion and extension

What is the transverse plane?

a plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves, involves rotational and/or horizontal movements

What is the plumb line?

the vertical line that is used as a reference point for assessing posture and alignment in the human body

What is the definition of pronation?

the rotation of the forearm and hand so that the dorsal side of the hand is facing upwar

What is the definition of supination?

the rotation of the forearm and hand so the palmar/volar side of the hand faces upward

What is the pubic symphysis?

a joint that connects your right and left pelvic bone along with absorbing some of the weight from your upper body

What is the retinaculum?

multiple fibrous bands of fascia that go over tendons to help keep them in place

What is the definition of scapular winging?

a condition where the scapula doesn’t lay flat on the rib cage but protrudes outward

What is scapulohumeral rhythm/dyskinesis?

movements of the scapula that are involuntary

What is the definition of scoliosis?

abnormal lateral curves of the spine

What is the screw-home mechanism?

the biomechanical process that happens in the knee joint allows knee extension

What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?

a bone that is embedded within tendons or muscles near joint surfaces

What is the SIT insertion site?

greater tubercle

What is the definition of a slow twitch muscle (type I)?

muslce fibers that are made for endurance and prolonged activities

What is a static stabilizer?

anatomical structures that provide structural support of joints and prevent excessive movements that could lead to injury

• examples - ligaments and fascia

What is the styloid process?

a pointed bony projection for muscle and/or ligament attachments

What is the definition of symphysis?

a joint that is connected by fibrocartilage

What is the definition of syndesmosis?

a joint that is connected by fibrous connective tissue

What is a synergist?

muscles that assist the agonist in performing joint actions

What is the definition of synovial joint?

a joint that has a fluid-filled cavity and allows for a wide range of movements

What is a talocrural joint?

the joint that is between the tibia, fibula, and talus where dorsiflexion and plantar flexion happens

What is the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)?

a space between the ulna, lunate, and triquetrum that aids in stability of the wristand acts as a cushion during wrist movements, also can provide shock absorption

What is the Tunnel of Guyon?

a passageway in the carpal tunnel that allows for the ulnar nerve and ulnar artery to go from the forearm to the hand

What is the windlass mechanism?

a mechanical model that describes the plantar fascia supports the foot during weight-bearing activities and allows for the effective transfer of forces between the heel and forefoot by creating tension that aids in the stabilization of the arch