Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Chapter 1

Flashcards cover key definitions, concepts, historical periods, and major public/global health achievements from the lecture notes.

What is the definition of health as described in this chapter?

A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional (physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational), a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment.

How is 'community' defined in these notes?

A group of people with common characteristics defined by location, race, ethnicity, culture, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds; characterized by membership, shared symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, and an emotional connection.

What does 'public health' refer to?

Actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy occur; the most inclusive term.

What is 'community health'?

The health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health.

What is 'population health'?

Health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

What is 'global health'?

Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries; best addressed by cooperative actions.

What is a 'public health system'?

The organizational mechanism of those activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associate efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individuals.

What is the difference between personal health activities and community/public health activities?

Personal health activities are individual actions affecting the health of an individual or their immediate family; community/public health activities aim to protect or improve the health of a population or community.

Name the four main factors that affect the health of a community.

Physical factors, social and cultural factors, community organization, and individual behaviors.

List physical factors that affect community health.

Geography (altitude, latitude, climate); Environment (population growth, depletion of nonrenewable resources, built environment); Community size; Industrial development.

List social and cultural factors that affect community health.

Beliefs, traditions, and prejudices; Economy; Politics; Religion; Social norms; Socioeconomic status.

What is community organizing?

A process by which communities identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies; an art of consensus building through a democratic process.

What is herd immunity?

The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals.

What marks the Period of Health Promotion (1974–Present)?

Identification that premature death is traceable to lifestyle and health behaviors; Healthy People publications (including Healthy People 2030); MAP-IT (Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track); National Prevention Strategy.

What happened in 1965 in U.S. health policy?

Medicare and Medicaid were established; the federal government became active in health matters; improved standards in health facilities; influx of federal dollars accelerated costs.

What is the Shattuck report and its significance?

published in 1850; contributed to the modern era of public health beginning; spurred germ theory and public health infrastructure.

What were some 19th-century public health milestones mentioned?

London cholera epidemics and Dr. John Snow; germ theory; American Public Health Association founded; 1850–1900: bacteriological period of public health.

What were major 20th-century public health achievements listed?

Vaccination; Motor vehicle safety; Control of infectious diseases; Decline of deaths from CHD and stroke; Healthier mothers and babies; Safer and healthier foods; Safer workplaces; Family planning; Fluoridation of drinking water; Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.

What is Healthy People 2030?

A set of goals and objectives to guide the planning, development, and evaluation of health improvement for Americans.

What does MAP-IT stand for?

Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track.

What is the National Prevention Strategy?

A national framework guiding prevention efforts, priorities, and strategies to improve population health.

What health concerns characterized the Twenty-First Century U.S. public health landscape?

Healthcare delivery, environmental problems, lifestyle diseases, communicable diseases, alcohol and other drug abuse, health disparities, disasters, and public health preparedness.

What are some global health achievements in the 21st century?

Reductions in child mortality; vaccine-preventable deaths; access to safe water and sanitation; malaria control; HIV/AIDS control; tuberculosis control; control of neglected tropical diseases; tobacco control; global road safety; improved preparedness and response.

What affect does Individual Behavior for public health?

Engagement is crucial to effective public health programing for a community and includes factors like lifestyle choices, adherence to health recommendations, and participation in preventive measures that INFLUENCES the community

Why is it important to learn about the history of public health?

Knowledge of the past helps us better prepare for future community health challenges

How was Public Health in Early civilization?

Many community health practices went unrecorded; Practices may have involved taboos, rites, and spiritual beliefs ; Archeological evidence of community health activities dates back to 2000 BCE

How was public health in the eighteenth century?

Characterized by industrial growth ; Cities overcrowded, water supplies inadequate and unsanitary, problems with trash, workplaces unsafe

What year was the first census taken?

1790

What year did Dr. Jenner demonstrated process of vaccination against smallpox

1796

How was public health in the twenty century?

1900: Life expectancy less than 50 years ; Leading causes of death were communicable diseases ; Vitamin deficiencies and poor dental health common in slums

How was the healh resources development period through 1900-1960

Growth of healthcare facilities and providers ; (Further divided into: Reform phase (1900–1920) ,1920s ,Great Depression and WWII ,Postwar years)

How was the period of Social Engineering?

Federal government became active in health matters ;1965: Medicare and Medicaid established ; Improved standards in health facilities ; Influx of federal dollars accelerated rate of increase in cost of health care

What year was Health People publication established?

1979

How was the Twenty First century for public health in the early 2000s?

Healthcare delivery , Environmental problems , Lifestyle diseases , Communicable diseases , Alcohol and other drug abuse , Health disparities , Disasters , Public health preparedness

What are 4 primary global public health challenges in the 21st century?

Communicable diseases ▪ Poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water ▪ Hunger ▪ Migration and health

List the twenty first century achievements.

Reductions in child mortality ▪ Vaccine-preventable deaths ▪ Access to safe water and sanitation ▪ Malaria prevention and control ▪ Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS ▪ Tuberculosis control ▪ Control of neglected tropical diseases ; Tobacco control ▪ Global road safety ▪ Improved preparedness and response