OPP-->Osteology, Arthrology, Myology, Fascia & Barrier Concepts – Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering bones, joints, muscles, proprioceptors, fascia, and motion barriers per the lecture notes.

Osteology

The study of bone structure and function.

Compact Bone

Dense bone whose structural unit is the osteon; provides strength to bear weight.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Bone composed of trabeculae with osteoblasts and osteoclasts; houses marrow and remodels quickly.

Periosteum

Dense fibrous connective tissue layer covering bone, continuous with investing fascia.

Long Bone

Elongated bone (e.g., femur) with a shaft and two ends.

Short Bone

Cuboid bone (e.g., carpals) providing stability with limited motion.

Flat Bone

Thin, plate-like bone (e.g., sternum) offering protection and broad surfaces for muscle attachment.

Irregular Bone

Complex-shaped bone (e.g., vertebra) with varied functions.

Sesamoid Bone

Bone embedded in a tendon (e.g., patella) that alters tendon leverage.

Fossa

Hollow or depressed area of bone.

Groove (Sulcus)

Elongated depression or furrow in bone.

Sinus

Cavity or hollow space within a bone (e.g., maxillary sinus).

Meatus

Passage or canal through bone (e.g., external auditory meatus).

Foramen

Round opening through bone for vessels or nerves (e.g., foramen magnum).

Fissure

Deep furrow, cleft, or slit in bone (e.g., superior orbital fissure).

Condyle

Rounded articular area of bone (e.g., occipital condyle).

Head (Bone)

Large, rounded articular end of a bone (e.g., head of femur).

Facet

Smooth, flat articular surface where bones meet (e.g., vertebral facets).

Tuberosity

Elevated, rough surface serving as a tendon/ligament attachment (e.g., deltoid tuberosity).

Epicondyle

Eminence superior to a condyle for muscle attachment.

Crest

Prominent ridge of bone (e.g., iliac crest).

Line (Bone)

Linear elevation on bone (e.g., superior nuchal line).

Process

General term for a bony projection (e.g., coracoid process).

Arthrology

The study of joints and articulations.

Fibrous Joint

Synarthrotic joint united by fibrous connective tissue (e.g., cranial sutures).

Syndesmosis

Type of fibrous joint connected by ligaments or interosseous membranes.

Dentoalveolar Joint

Fibrous peg-in-socket joint between tooth root and alveolar bone.

Cartilaginous Joint

Amphiarthrotic joint united by hyaline or fibrocartilage (e.g., costochondral junction).

Synovial Joint

Diarthrotic joint with fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, and fluid for free movement.

Plane Joint

Synovial joint permitting gliding or sliding motions.

Hinge Joint

Synovial joint allowing flexion and extension only.

Saddle Joint

Synovial joint allowing flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (e.g., thumb CMC).

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Synovial joint allowing movement in multiple axes plus rotation (e.g., shoulder).

Pivot Joint

Synovial joint permitting rotation around a central axis (e.g., atlanto-axial joint).

Condyloid Joint

Synovial joint permitting flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (e.g., wrist).

Myology

The study of muscles and their functions.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle responsible for motion, posture, protection, heat, and pumps.

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.

Perimysium

Connective tissue encasing muscle fascicles.

Epimysium

Connective tissue sheath enclosing an entire muscle.

Pennate Muscle

Muscle with fiber arrangement resembling a feather.

Unipennate

Pennate muscle with fibers on one side of the tendon (e.g., tibialis posterior).

Bipennate

Pennate muscle with fibers on two sides of the tendon (e.g., rectus femoris).

Multipennate

Pennate muscle with multiple feather-like sections (e.g., deltoid).

Flat Muscle

Parallel fibers with aponeurosis; broad area (e.g., external oblique).

Fusiform Muscle

Spindle-shaped muscle with thick belly and tapered ends (e.g., biceps brachii).

Convergent Muscle

Broad origin fibers converging to a single tendon (e.g., pectoralis major).

Quadrate Muscle

Four equal-sided muscle (e.g., rectus abdominis).

Circular Muscle

Muscle that surrounds an opening, constricting when contracted (e.g., orbicularis oculi).

Origin

Proximal attachment of a muscle; usually fixed.

Insertion

Distal attachment of a muscle; moves during contraction.

Isotonic Contraction

Active contraction producing movement; muscle tension overcomes load.

Concentric Contraction

Isotonic contraction with muscle shortening under tension.

Eccentric Contraction

Isotonic contraction with muscle lengthening under tension.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle generates force without changing length; no movement produced.

Agonist

Prime mover muscle producing a specific action.

Synergist

Muscle assisting or stabilizing the action of the agonist.

Antagonist

Muscle opposing the action of the agonist.

Muscle Spindle

Proprioceptor parallel to fibers sensing length change; initiates myotatic reflex.

Golgi Tendon Organ

Proprioceptor in tendons sensing excessive tension; triggers inverse myotatic reflex.

Ruffini Corpuscle

Joint-capsule proprioceptor detecting capsule stretch and joint position.

Myotatic Reflex

Stretch reflex causing agonist contraction and antagonist inhibition to resist rapid lengthening.

Inverse Myotatic Reflex

Golgi tendon reflex causing agonist relaxation and antagonist contraction to relieve tension.

Fascia

Connective tissue layers supporting and separating structures.

Superficial Fascia

Loose subcutaneous connective tissue storing fat and water.

Deep Fascia

Dense connective tissue enveloping muscles and bones.

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Movement performed by the patient without assistance.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Movement performed by examiner without patient effort.

Anatomic Barrier

End limit of non-damaging motion imposed by anatomy; approximated by PROM.

Physiologic Barrier

End limit of normal active motion; sensed as increased muscle tension.

Restrictive Barrier

Abnormal limit of motion before the physiologic barrier due to somatic dysfunction.

Somatic Dysfunction

Impaired or altered function of skeletal, arthrodial, myofascial, and related elements.

Osteopathic Tenets

Foundational principles: body unity, self-healing, structure-function interrelation, rational treatment.