Rumen Ecology/Animal Health

What will the rumen provide a suitable environment for?

Anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, fungi

Rumen microorganisms can manufacture ______ from non-protein nitrogen

Protein

Gestation will prime the GIT through the fetus drinking ______

Amnion

What 3 things are products of rumen fermentation?

VFAs, microbial proteins, B vitamins

Name 5 carbohydrates that are converted in hexose

Cellulose, starches, pectins, hemicellulose, sugars

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and fructans are ____-_____ NSCs fermented by bacteria

Water-soluble

Starch and ____ _____ ____ make up a fraction of NSCs fermented by rumen bacteria

ND soluble fiber

What portion of NDF is NOT apart of acid detergent fiber?

Hemicellulose

Crude protein is equal to total _____ times 6.25

Nitrogen

Rumen degradable protein will involve _____ ____ & proteins undergoing ______ ______ synthesis into metabolizable protein

Amino acids, microbial protein

What portion of Rumen Undegradable protein will be absorbed by the SI?

Amino acids, proteins

Indigestible organic matter will be excreted as _____ _____

Fecal matter

What is the ideal pH of the rumen?

6.0-6.5

Physical eNDF will stimulate chewing, increasing saliva and _______ ______ secretion into the GIT

Sodium bicarbonate

Approximately 50% NDF, ____% NFC and ____% CP of spring/summer grass will be fermented in the rumen

20, 14

Approximately 30% NDF, ___% NFC and ____%CP of corn-based diets will be fermented in the rumens of dairy and feedlot cattle

40, 17

Increasing VFA/day will increase production, but decrease the _____ of the rumen which can have costly consequences

PH

Name 3 constitutive control mechanisms of rumen pH

VFA absorption, buffer from rumen epithelium, organic acid outflow

Rapid changes in diet will lead to overgrowth and gas production, leading to _______

Bloat

Rumen _____ & ______ increase in size with lactation due to high energy demand to allow for better absorption

Mass, papillae

Increase in papillae during lactation will allow for greater ______ metabolism and may be a result of _____ receptors responding to SCFAs

Butyrate, nuclear

Cattle will produce up to ____L of saliva when consuming roughage, but only ___L of saliva when consuming concentrate

250, 40

Dairy cattle will produce ______L of saliva a day, and feedlot cattle will produce ___L of saliva a day

250, 120

Saliva is considered an _______ control of rumen pH, alongside the micro biome and VFA absorption

Inducible

Increasing _______ time will increase the pH of the rumen

Rumination

Increasing peNDF will have what effect on the pH of the rumen?

Increase (saliva)

What is the ideal forage to barley ratio to maintain VFA production via microbes?

60 % forage, 30% barely

What forage to barley ratio will show acidotic conditions in the rumen?

9% forage, 881% barley

Increasing ______ will decrease rumen pH

Starch (NFC)

Decreased blood pH and bicarbonate caused be an overproduction of ruminal __-____ is called acute acidosis

D-lactate

Acute acidosis can also be caused by _________ spp

Lactobacillus

Acute acidosis will result in a blood pH of ______, rumen pH of ______ which is called a dead/static rumen

7-7.2, 4.2-5

SARA will be defined as ruminal pH below ____ for greater than 3 hours/day or above ______ for greater than 5 hours/day

5.5, 5.8

Name 4 factors that may cause Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA)

Increase Starch/VFAs, decrease pH or mucosal damge

Name 2 systemic effects of SARA

Laminitis, liver abscesses

Name 2 sequels to rumen acidosis

Liver abscesses, caudal vena cava syndrome (sudden death)

What is the transition period of the rumen epithelium during pregnancy?

3 weeks before calving to 3 weeks after

At 3 weeks prior to calving, the rumen epithelium will appear ______, and overfeeding can lead to _______

Thick, dystocia

One week after calving, the rumen epithelium will appear thinner in response to an increase in ______ _____

Milk production

3 weeks after calving, the rumen epithelium will be at its _______ and most efficient due to high energy demands

Thinnest

SARA in the cecum can be due to increased ______, which will become ______ and ____ the pH of the cecum, leading to _______ damge

Starch, VFAs, decrease, mucosal

SARA can be caused by inflammation, either due to an increase in ______ in the rumen or increased LPS _____ ____ in the blood and portal vein

LPS, binding protein

SARA caused by inflammation will be due to release of cytokines from the portal vein such as _____, ______ and ______

IL-1B, IL-6, TNFa

SARA caused by inflammation will have the release of what 2 acute phase proteins?

Haptaglobin, serum amyloid A

What is laminitis?

Inflammation of the laminar curium of the hoof wall and cerium of the sole

When should you perform a rumenocentesis in a total mixed ration herd?

8hrs post feeding

When should you perform a rumenocentesis in a component fed herd?

3hrs post feeding

What sampling method is used during a rumenocentesis?

Percutaneous aspiration

SARA threshold testing states that if ___ out of 15 samples have a pH less than 5.5, then corrective action should be taken

4

What is the thermal neutral zone?

40-68degrees

Hot weather will cause decreased _________ ____ and later feeding patterns

Rumination time

Ionospheres will control ____-____ bacteria, increase feed efficiency without affecting the ruminal pH

Gram-positive