patho unit 1 test

stages of homeostasis disruption? and where does intervention occur?

homeostasis → disruption → compensation → decompensation → disease
intervention occurs at any point between homeostasis and decompensation

etiology

the CAUSE of a disease

types of etiology and their definitions?

genetic → inherited or mutations in the DNA
infectious → caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, or parasites
environmental → exposure to physical chemical or biological factors
lifestyle → behaviors that increase risk
trauma → physical injury from external force
iatrogenic → caused unintentionally by medical treatment or healthcare provider

pathogenesis?

the sequence of events that occur from initial cause to resulting disease (genesis = origin)

stages of pathogenesis

etiology (cause) → initiating event (trigger setting off changes) → pathogenic mechanisms (cellular and muscular changes) → clinical disease (signs and symptoms appear) → outcomes (recovery, chronic disease, death)

compensation vs decompensation?

compensation is when the body adjusts to a stressor to maintain homeostasis while decompensation occurs when the body can no longer maintain that balance and disease becomes evident

acute vs chronic

acute: begins suddenly, short period of time, often reversible
chronic: develops slowly, lasts for long periods of time, may lead to complications

latent

disease is present but signs and symptoms are not yet apparent. only diagnosed with diagnostic testing (DISEASE IS INACTIVE/DORMANT)

subclinical

early stages of disease with no noticeable signs or symptoms but changes can be detected with tests (EARLY/MILD STAGES BUT NOT FOUND YET)

prodromal

early, vague or mild symptoms that precede the more obvious signs and symptoms (ie headache before a migrain)

signs vs symptoms

signs = objective findings that are observed or measured by others (fever, rash, high bp)
symptoms = subjective experiences reported by patient (pain, nausea, fatigue)

manifestations?

signs AND symptoms of a disease (ie cough *sign* and crackles in lungs *symptom*)

syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that occur together to indicate a disease (ie down syndrome)

diagnosis vs prognosis

diagnosis: determination of specific disease
prognosis: doctor’s prediction of how the disease will develop over time

remission

disease actively disappears or decreases either temporarily or permanently

exacerbation

worsening or flare up of existing disease

sequelae

a condition that remains after the original disease or injury has resolved (scarring after a burn)

convalescence

the period of recovery after a illness, injury, or surgery

therapy

management and treatment of a disease or condition

prophylaxis

measures taken to prevent disease or reduce the risk of disease complications

epidemiology

study of distribution and determinants of a disease

morbidity vs mortality

morbidity → presence of disease in a population (how much / many cases is morbid)
mortality → how many people died from a disease

incidence vs prevalence

incidence = number of NEW cases
prevalence = number of EXISTING cases

communicable disease

can be spread!

reportable

disease that must be reported to public health authorities (ex covid or measles)