Bio Test 2

How many chromosomes to humans have? How many copies of their chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes, we have two copies of each chromosome, one copy inherited from the mother and one copy inherited from the father

What are autosomes?

Autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are not involved in determining an individual's sex. These chromosomes contain genes that control most of the body's characteristics, such as eye and hair color, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases.

How many copies of chromosomes do gametes have?

Gametes have half the number of chromosomes as other cells in the body, which is known as the haploid number.

Why do we use the terms dominant and recessive to refer to the qualities of a gene?

The terms "dominant" and "recessive" are used to describe the inheritance patterns of genes. The terms "dominant" and "recessive" are useful in understanding the inheritance patterns of traits, and they help to explain why certain traits may skip generations or appear unexpectedly in offspring.

What are the terms we use to describe the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa?

The genotypes AA, Aa, and aa are used to describe the different possible combinations of alleles for a particular gene.The uppercase letter "A" represents the dominant allele, while the lowercase letter "a" represents the recessive allele.

What is an allele?

An allele is a variant form of a gene that arises due to mutations or changes in the DNA sequence.

What is a phenotype?

physical characteristics of an organism

What is meant by the term diploid?

The term "diploid" refers to a cell or organism that contains two sets of chromosomes. In most animals, including humans, diploid cells contain two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

What is a mutation?

A random change in an organism's DNA; changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA

What is a genome?

All the DNA in one cell of an organism

who was Francis crick and James Watson?

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, who were both working at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England, proposed a model for the structure of DNA that explained how the molecule could carry and transmit genetic information.

Who was Rosalind Franklin?

a British scientist who used X-ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA. Although she died before Watson and Crick's discovery was announced, her contributions to the field of structural biology have been widely recognized in subsequent years.

What is a nucleic acid?

A nucleic acid is a type of biomolecule that is essential for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms. There are two main types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What is DNA?

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.

how is DNA made?

DNA is made through a process called DNA replication, which occurs before cell division.

What is complimentary base pairing?

DNA: A-T, C-G

RNA: A-U, C-G

Adenine (A)- thymine (T)

cytosine (C) - guanine (G).

What is DNA replication and what enzyme is important to make that process work?

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. The enzyme that is important to make the DNA replication process work is DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase enzymes are responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication, using the existing strand as a template.

What is RNA and how is it made?

RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule that is similar in structure to DNA and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and RNA is made through a process called transcription, which occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

How do you make a protein? What organelles play an important role in making a protein?

Proteins are made through a process called translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and the organelle that plays and important roles are ribosomes which are responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation

What is transcription?

The process of making RNA from DNA

What is translation?

is the process by which genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize a protein.

What is evolution?

Change over time

Who came up with the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

What are the main lines of evidence that support evolution?

1\.Radiometric Dating


2. Fossils
3. 3.Comparative Morphology and Embryology
4. Evidence from Biogeography
5. Evidence from Gene Modification
6. Experimental Evidence

Does evolution proceed slowly and gradually or quickly? What are the names of the terms applied to these theories?

It depends

One theory of evolution is called "gradualism," which proposes that evolution occurs slowly and gradually over long periods of time, with small changes accumulating over many generations. Another theory is called "punctuated equilibrium," which proposes that evolution occurs in rapid bursts of change, separated by long periods of stasis or little change.

What is microevolution?

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

What is natural selection?

Better-selected individuals passing traits to the next generation

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events

bottle neck effect (genetic drift)

reduction in the genetic diversity of a populationcaused by a reduction in number of organisms.

founder effect

the fact that when a small subpopulation migrates to a new area to start a new population, it is likely to bring with it only a portion of the original population's gene pool.

Gener flow

Is the movement of genes fromone population to another.

sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

What evolutionary process leads to adaptation?

it is Natural selection, is a process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time, depending on their impact on survival and reproductive success.

What is macroevolution?

Evolutionary change above the species level.

How do we define a species? What is the problem with our definition (what kinds of organisms does this definition leave out?)?

"Species are groups of actuallyor potentially interbreedingnatural populations that are reproductivelyisolated from other such groups." The definition of species does not apply to bacteria and archaea, which reproduce through simple cell division

What is the name for our system of classification for biological life?

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

What is the name of the guy who is responsible for linen classification system ?

Carolus linnaeus

What is allopatric speciation?

geographic isolation which results in speciation

What is sympatric speciation?

a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier

What is polypoidy?

Is when an organism containsmore than two paired (homologous) sets ofchromosomes.It is a special form of sympatric speciationthat can give rise to a new species in a singlegeneration

What are the main reproductive isolating mechanisms that allow for sympatric speciation to occur?

* ecological
* temporal
* behavioral
* mechanical
* gametic isolation
* hybrid inviability or infertility

When do we see adaptive radiations happening?

adaptive radiation: the rapid emergence of many species from a single species that has been introduced to a new environmenT