apush prd 3 pt 1

What was the Age of Reason?

A period in the late 17th century when Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, challenging traditional beliefs.

Who were key figures in the Enlightenment?

Isaac Newton and John Locke.

What did Isaac Newton contribute to the Enlightenment?

He described the world in terms of natural laws of gravity and motion, moving away from spiritual explanations.

What rights did John Locke assert for people?

The right to change a government that does not protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

How did Enlightenment ideas impact religious leaders in America?

They began to emphasize similarities between different denominations, such as the Anglican Church and Puritan Congregationalists.

What was Cotton Mather's stance on science?

He advocated for the use of science to immunize citizens against smallpox.

What was the significance of Yale College's founding in 1707?

It was an attempt to retain old Calvinist ideas, which ultimately failed as the faculty converted to the Church of England.

What shift occurred among New England ministers by the end of the century?

Many became Unitarians, doubting even the divinity of Christ.

What political ideas did Jean-Jacques Rousseau promote?

He stated that society should be ruled by the 'general will' of the people.

What did Baron de Montesquieu advocate regarding government power?

He recommended separating power among executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

How did Enlightenment ideas influence the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson's opening reflects John Locke's ideas about government and natural rights.

What role did Benjamin Franklin play in the Enlightenment?

He made many Enlightenment ideas accessible to the general public.

What was the old way of life contrasted with Enlightenment thinking?

The old way was characterized by superstition, an angry God, and absolute submission to authority.

What was the significance of the trial of John Peter Zenger?

It was an important step toward establishing the freedom of the press in America.

What did John Peter Zenger publish?

The New York Weekly Journal, which criticized the corrupt royal governor, William S. Cosby.

What was Zenger accused of in his trial?

Libel, which at the time meant publishing information opposed to the government.

What was the relevance of truth in Zenger's trial?

Truth or falsity were irrelevant; it was considered libel simply to oppose the government.

How did the Enlightenment change political attitudes in America?

It led to the adoption of ideas about liberty, progress, and the role of government.

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about kings and authority?

They believed kings did not rule by divine right and had obligations to their subjects.

What was the impact of Enlightenment ideas on American intellectuals?

They began to absorb and apply these ideas, influencing the formation of American government.

What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and democracy?

No democracy has existed without a free press, which allows for the exchange of ideas and dissent.

What role did newspapers play in the context of the Enlightenment?

They organized opposition to corrupt governments and helped spread revolutionary ideas.

What was the outcome of Zenger's trial?

It set a precedent for the freedom of the press in America.

What was the outcome of the trial of John Peter Zenger?

Zenger was found not guilty by a jury after his attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argued for freedom of the press.

Who defended John Peter Zenger in his trial?

Andrew Hamilton, the most famous lawyer in the colonies.

What significant legal principle was established through Zenger's trial?

The principle of freedom of the press, although true freedom was not recognized until the First Amendment.

What economic philosophy dominated British colonial policy in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Mercantilism, which aimed to enrich the mother country through colonial trade.

What were the Navigation Acts?

Laws that restricted colonial trade to benefit British merchants and the economy.

What was the practice of smuggling in colonial America?

Colonists ignored British trade restrictions by illegally importing goods from other countries.

What was salutary neglect?

A British policy of lax enforcement of trade laws in the colonies prior to 1763.

How did colonists respond to British customs officials?

They often bribed officials and were supported by sympathetic juries when caught smuggling.

What was the estimated annual value of goods smuggled into the American colonies?

Over £700,000 per year.

Who was Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecœur?

A French settler in the American colonies who noted the incredible diversity of the population.

What did Crèvecœur mean by 'What then is the American'?

He was questioning the identity of Americans, noting their diversity compared to Europeans.

What demographic change occurred in the colonial population by the time of the American Revolution?

Less than two-thirds were English, with nearly one-fifth of the population being of African descent.

What was the significance of Zenger's wife's role during the trial?

She kept the presses rolling, ensuring that Zenger's reports were published.

What was the impact of the Zenger trial on colonial attitudes towards press freedom?

It encouraged newspaper publishers to feel freer to print honest views.

What was the British response to increasing smuggling in the colonies?

They began trying offenders in admiralty courts, which lacked juries.

What was the role of American juries in the context of smuggling?

Juries often sympathized with smugglers and would acquit them.

How did the distance of the British Empire affect colonial smuggling?

It made enforcement of trade laws difficult, allowing smuggling to thrive.

What was the relationship between smuggling and the Revolutionary cause?

Smuggling became vital to the Revolutionary cause as it encouraged defiance of British law.

What was the significance of the cheers that filled the courtroom after Zenger's verdict?

It indicated widespread support for Zenger and the principle of press freedom among the populace.

What did Hamilton argue in his defense of Zenger?

He argued that the prosecution needed to prove the printed charges false.

What was the reaction of the public to Zenger and Hamilton after the trial?

They were hailed as heroes.

What did the British merchants want from American colonists?

They wanted colonists to buy British goods instead of those from other nations.

What was the purpose of duties on imported goods in colonial America?

To discourage colonists from purchasing foreign products.

What was Pennsylvania known as in terms of its population diversity?

America's first melting pot.

Who were the most numerous non-English settlers in Pennsylvania?

The Germans and the Scots-Irish.

Why did Germans migrate to Pennsylvania in the 1700s?

For religious freedom, economic opportunity, and freedom from war.

What term did English-speaking Americans mistakenly use to refer to German settlers?

Pennsylvania Dutch.

What was the most prominent religion brought by Germans to America?

Lutheranism.

Where did the Scots-Irish originate before migrating to America?

The Scottish Lowlands.

What challenges did the Scots-Irish face in Ireland before migrating?

Poverty and conflict with Catholic Irish.

Where did many Scots-Irish settle in America?

Appalachia.

What was a significant cultural difference between Americans and Mother England?

Americans developed distinct languages, cultures, and religions.

What was the name of the rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676?

Bacon's Rebellion.

What were the main grievances of Bacon's followers?

Lack of representation in the colonial legislature and protection from Indian raids.

What happened to Jamestown during Bacon's Rebellion?

It was burned by Bacon's followers.

What was the outcome for Bacon's Rebellion?

The rebellion was crushed, and over twenty rebels were hanged.

What was the Regulator movement in South Carolina?

A rebellion against lawlessness and anarchy on the frontier after the Seven Years' War.

What did the Regulators do to restore order in South Carolina?

They took the law into their own hands and pushed outlaws away.

What was the result of the land riots in New York?

Angry farmers took up arms when courts ruled in favor of wealthy land barons.

What did the Paxton Boys protest in 1764?

The Quakers' friendly Native American policy.

What did the Paxton Boys want in addition to land?

Protection from raids on their homes.

What characterized the American spirit throughout its early history?

A tradition of rebellion.

What was the reaction of the wealthy Virginia planting class to Bacon's Rebellion?

They were struck with fear of further rebellion.

What was the significance of the violent uprisings in the original thirteen colonies?

They demonstrated Americans' willingness to take up arms for their causes.

What did many Scots-Irish settlers resent in America?

Being controlled by wealthy planters and politicians.

How did the migration of Germans and Scots-Irish influence American culture?

Their cultures began to blend, leading to a distinct American identity.

What was the impact of the American colonies' violent history before the Revolutionary War?

It set a precedent for rebellion and resistance against authority.

What grievances did the Paxton gang present to Benjamin Franklin's delegation?

Economic exploitation, lack of political representation, and unfair taxation.

What was the significance of the phrase 'DON'T TREAD ON ME' in the context of colonial America?

It symbolized the readiness of American colonists to fight for their rights and independence.

What were the main causes of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676?

High taxes, low tobacco prices, and resentment against privileges granted to those close to Governor Sir William Berkeley.

Who led Bacon's Rebellion and what was his initial action against Native Americans?

Nathaniel Bacon led the rebellion and commanded unauthorized expeditions against Native American tribes.

What happened to Governor Sir William Berkeley during Bacon's Rebellion?

He fled to the Eastern Shore after Bacon coerced him into granting a commission to fight Native Americans.

What was the outcome of Bacon's Rebellion after Nathaniel Bacon's death?

The rebellion collapsed without Bacon's leadership, and Berkeley returned to enact vengeance on the rebels.

What were the lasting effects of Bacon's Rebellion for Virginia's farmers?

The removal of Berkeley and the cessation of Native American attacks were the only benefits gained.

What significant political change occurred in England in 1688 and 1689?

James II was deposed, and William and Mary ascended to the throne during the Glorious Revolution.

What was the impact of the Glorious Revolution on colonial governance in New York?

It led to the ousting of Sir Edmund Andros and the dismantling of the Dominion of New England.

Who was Jacob Leisler and what role did he play in the rebellion in New York?

Leisler was a militia commander who led an armed mob to seize Fort James and establish a new government.

What was the nature of Leisler's rule and why was it short-lived?

Leisler's rule was popular initially for establishing a legislative assembly but ended when a new governor was sent by William III.

What was the fate of Jacob Leisler after he was convicted of treason?

He was executed by hanging in May 1691, along with his son-in-law.

What happened to Leisler's body after his execution?

His body was desecrated, with his head removed and displayed, while supporters took mementos from the corpse.

What divisions in society did Leisler's rebellion highlight in New York?

The conflict between pro-democratic forces (Leislerians) and aristocratic anti-Leislerians.

How did Maryland's approach to religious tolerance differ from other colonies?

Maryland practiced an uneasy form of religious tolerance among different groups of Christians.

What was the role of the House of Burgesses during Bacon's Rebellion?

Bacon was elected to the House of Burgesses after leading expeditions against Native Americans.

What was the consequence of Bacon's successful expeditions against Native Americans?

He was granted a commission to continue his campaigns against Native Americans.

What did Bacon do when he recaptured Jamestown?

He set fire to the town fearing he could not hold it against attack.

What was the outcome for the tidewater aristocracy after Bacon's Rebellion?

They maintained their power despite the rebellion.

What did Leisler establish that was significant for the governance of New York?

A legislative assembly that was not dominated by wealthy merchants and landowners.

What was the public reaction during Leisler's execution?

A crowd sang hymns as he and his associate were hanged, and supporters collected mementos.

What did the execution of Leisler and his associate signify for the political climate in New York?

It underscored the ongoing divisions and conflicts between different political factions.

What was the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

A law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians, the first of its kind in British North America.

Who were the primary advocates for the Maryland Toleration Act?

The Calvert family, who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics.

What significant event took place in Maryland in 1689?

The Protestant Revolution, also known as Coode's Rebellion, where Puritans revolted against the Catholic-led proprietary government.

What triggered the Protestant Revolution in Maryland?

The Glorious Revolution in England, which replaced Catholic King James II with Protestant Monarchs William and Mary.

Who led the Protestant Associators during the Maryland rebellion?

Colonel John Coode.

What was the outcome of Coode's Rebellion in Maryland?

A new government was established that outlawed Catholicism, and the Lords Baltimore lost control of the colony.

What happened to religious toleration in Maryland after the Protestant Revolution?

Catholicism was outlawed, and Roman Catholics were forbidden from holding public office.

When was religious toleration restored in Maryland?

After the American Revolution.