Ch 17: Negative Punishment

Negative Punishment Procedures

Time Out and Response Cost

Time Out

Child removed from reinforcing environment briefly to decrease problem behavior

Time out is way more effective when paired with...

differential reinforcement -> DRA

Non Exclusionary Time Out

Not removed from the ongoing activity but a period in which child cannot earn reinforces that would have been available

Exclusionary Time Out

Removed from reinforcement opportunities without isolation, less effective than non-exclusionary

Isolation Time Out

Removed to a less reinforcing environment, considered risky for self-harm

Which type of time out is most effective?

Non Exclusionary

Contingent Observation

Removed from activity for a brief time and required to observe others, an establishing operation

Steps in Using Time Out

1. Start with Functional Assessment to identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior
2. Implement functional/non-aversive treatments first
3. Make certain that the "time in" environment is reinforcing
4. Reinforce desirable behaviors in the time in environment
5. When the problem behavior occurs, take the child to the time out area or start the time out procedure immediately

Time out must be...

Brief, practical, and safe

Reinforce _____ in the _____

desirable behaviors; time in environment

When to not use time out:

1. Problem behavior is automatically reinforced

2. Problem behavior is reinforced by escape

Response Cost

Loss of specified reinforcer following problem behavior to decrease it

Steps in Using Response Cost

1. Start with Functional Assessment to identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior
2. Implement functional/non-aversive treatments first
3. Identify the reinforcer to be lost
4. Decide is the loss is permanent or temporary
5. When the problem behavior occurs, implement response cost procedure immediately so that it is contingent on the problem behavior

Functional Assessment

Identifying reinforcer for problem behavior before treatment

Time In Environment

Environment where reinforcement is provided to make time out effective

Extinction

reinforcer for the problem behavior is no longer contingent on the problem behavior

Extinction vs Time Out vs Response Cost

Extinction: THE reinforcer for problem behavior removed (no longer contingent of problem behavior)

Time Out: The person is removed from all sources of reinforcement (contingent on problem behavior)

Response Time: reinforcer is removed contingent on problem behavior occurrence

When Cheryl engages in a problem behavior in the classroom, she has to sit off to the side and watch her classmates have fun for a few minutes. This procedure, a form of time-out called

contingent observation

for time-out to be most effective, what should the time-in environment be like?

it should be positively reinforcing

a ______ procedure should always be used in conjunction with time-out

reinforcement

sunny cried and screamed when her mom was on the phone, and her mom usually got off the phone right away to see what was wrong, calm sunny down, and comfort her. to try to get sunny to stop screaming and crying when she was on the phone, the mom walked away from sunny whenever she started to scream and cry.

extinction

sunny cried and screamed when her mom was on the phone, and her mom usually got off the phone right away to see what was wrong, calm sunny down, and comfort her. to try to get sunny to stop screaming and crying when she was on the phone, the mom had sunny sit in her room by herself whenever she started to scream and cry

time out (isolation)

sunny cried and screamed when her mom was on the phone, and her mom usually got off the phone right away to see what was wrong, calm sunny down, and comfort her. to try to get sunny to stop screaming and crying when she was on the phone, the mom took away sunny's favorite doll whenever she started to scream and cry.

response cost

punishment procedures are typically used in behavior modification only after what procedures have been used first?

functional

when betty hit another child in the kindergarten classroom, she had to sit in a chair off to the side of the classroom for 2 minutes. as a result, she was less likely to hit other children. what type of time-out is illustrated in this example?

exclusionary

When betty hit another child in the kindergarten classroom, she had to sit in a chair in the hallway for 2 minutes. as a result, she was less likely to hit other children. what type of time out is illustrated in this example?

Isolation

when betty hit another child in the kindergarten classroom, she stays in the same spot, but toys are moved away from her for 2 minutes. as a result, she was less likely to hit other children. what type of time out is illustrated in this example

non-exclusionary