BIO103 Chapter 3

Functional groups

Small molecular entities that confer specific chemical characteristics when attached to hydrocarbon. They react the same if different situations

Isomers

Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms.

Same number of elements but arranged differently in space.

Polymer

Long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers

Carbohydrates polymer and monomer

Polymer starch. Monomer monosaccharide

Nucleic acid polymer and monomer

Polymer DNA strand. Monomer nucleotide.

Protein polymer and monomer

Polymer polypeptide. Monomer amino acid.

Dehydration reaction

Condensation. To form a covalent bond between two monomers, an -OH group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom H is removed from the other.

(Monomers are joined to form polymer)

Hydrolysis reaction

A hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and hydroxyl group to the other, breaking the specific covalent bond in the macromolecule. (Polymers are broken down to monomers)

Monomer

Single unit

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods, composed of C,H, O

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharide linked together by dehydration synthesis used for sugar transport or energy storage (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Polysaccharaides

Used for energy storage (plants use starch, animals use glycogen)

Used for structural support (plants use cellulose, animals use chitin)

Nucleic acid function

Storage, transmission and use of genetic information, composed of C,H,O,N,P

DNA and RNA

two types of nucleic acids

Nitrogenous base includes

Purines: adenine and guanine (both is DNA and RNA)

Pyrimidine: tymine (DNA), uracil (RNA), and cytosine (both)

ATP

Primary energy currency of the cell

Protein functions

Enzyme catalyst

Defense

Transport

Support

Motion

Regulation

Storage

Amino acid structure

Central carbon atom surrounded by:

Amino group

Carboxyl group

Single hydrogen

Variable R group

R group

Dictates the chemical properties of amino acids.

Polar

Non polar

Charged

Aromatic

Special function

Proteins primary structure

Sequence of amino acids = polypeptide

Protein secondary structure

Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone (helix, sheet)

Protein tertiary structure

Folded shape of the polypeptide chain

Protein quaternary structure

Interaction between multiple polypeptide subunits

Amino acid

monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a

hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids

Denaturation

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base, Made of C,H,O,N,P

Peptide bond

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

alcohol group

has an -OH group attached to one or more carbon atoms

carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

carbonyl group

a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

methyl group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. (CH3)

amino group

a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (NH2) Found in all amino acids

sulfahydryl group

—SH : sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen (resembles a hydroxyl group in shape)

carbon polymers

large macromolecules made up of monomers

Carbon

Element with 4 valance electrons, easily forms polymers

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

Lipid

Carbohydrates/Sugar

Nucleic Acid/Nucleotide

Protein/Amino Acid

unsaturated fats

saturated fats

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

phosphate group

sulfahydryl group

methyl group

carboxyl group

carbonyl group

hydroxyl group

amino group