Objective_methods

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21 Terms

1
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Biomarkers

Biological markers that indicate cellular, biochemical, or molecular alterations measurable in biological media such as human tissues, cells, or fluids.

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Objective assessment

An assessment that provides quantifiable, factual outcomes rather than subjective judgments.

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Recovery biomarkers

Specific biological products directly related to intake and not subject to homeostasis or substantial inter-individual differences in metabolism.

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Concentration biomarkers

Biomarkers that correlate with the intake of corresponding food or nutrient but do not translate into actual dietary intake.

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Predictive biomarkers

Biomarkers that show an incomplete recovery but have a stable, time-dependent correlation with intake.

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Food composition

The nutritional makeup of foods, which can sometimes be inconsistent leading to challenges in dietary assessments.

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Doubly labeled water

A method for measuring total daily CO2 production and energy expenditure using isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.

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Urinary nitrogen

A measure used in dietary validation studies indicating nitrogen intake correlated with nitrogen excretion.

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Serum and plasma

Biological specimens reflecting short-term intake from a few days to one month.

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Adipose tissue

A biological specimen that reflects long-term intake and is most useful for assessing exposure to fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids.

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Biomarker validation

The process of assessing the accuracy and reliability of biomarkers against expected dietary intakes.

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Homeostasis

The physiological process through which the body maintains stability despite changes in the external environment.

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Nutritional status biomarkers

Indicators that may reflect the intake, metabolism of nutrients, and effects from disease processes.

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Methylmalonic acid levels

A biomarker indicating vitamin B12 deficiency when elevated.

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Factors affecting intake-status relationship

Factors including synthesis, mobilization, nutrient intake, biology, status, metabolism, and storage that influence the relationship between nutrient intake and biological responses.

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Short-term intake vs. long-term intake

Short-term intake is generally reflected in serum and plasma, while long-term intake is reflected in adipose tissue.

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Time of specimen collection

The timing of collecting biological samples, which can influence biomarker levels significantly.

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Compliance in dietary studies

The extent to which participants follow the study requirements, which affects the accuracy of dietary assessments.

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Biomarker measurement limitations

Challenges such as high costs, invasiveness, specificity, and variability in nutrient concentrations due to individual characteristics.

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Nutritional biomarker research needs

Identified priorities for developing sensitive, specific, cost-effective, and non-invasive dietary biomarkers.

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Dietary assessment methods

Various approaches used to measure dietary intake, including food frequency questionnaires, diaries, and recovery biomarker methods.