5: DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering

BIOTECHNOLOGY

the technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes

GENETIC ENGINEERING

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

two types of biotech

GENETIC ENGINEERING

a general term that we use to refer to processes that involves the manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

getting two DNAs from two different organisms and recombining them to form a new organism

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

a technique which involves taking the DNA apart, analyzing its structure, and recombining it in new ways

DNA SEQUENCING

a process of determining the nucleotide sequence of fragments of DNA

STEP 0. DNA Extraction and creation of millions of identical copies

STEP 1: The sequence is mixed with primer, enzymes (DNA polymerase),

STEP 2: Gel electrophoresis: the short DNA sequences are separated according to size using electricity and are analyzed by a laser

STEP 3: Analyze the fluorescent intensity

A (green), C (blue), G (yellow), and T (red)

steps in DNA sequencing

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

explores applications of cutting, splicing, and copying DNA

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

to transfer (and the genes that it contains) DNA from one organism into another

Vector: bacteria

carrier: plasmid — bacterial DNA

vector and carrier of recombinant

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

DNA LIGASE

PLASMIDS

TOOLS FOR MANIPULATING DNA

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

cut DNA at specific sites; make their cut in palindromic nucleotide sequence

Palindrome

palindrome

a sequence of letters or words that reads the same backward as forward, such as the word, "racecar."

DNA LIGASE

join fragments of DNA

PLASMIDS

small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and inserted into bacteria for amplification

DNA is isolated from bacterial and human cells.

Both DNAs are cut with the same restriction enzyme.

DNAs are mixed. Human fragments line up with the plasmid by base pairing of exposed single-strand regions.

DNA ligase is added to connect the human and plasmid DNA together.

Plasmids are absorbed by bacteria.

Bacteria containing the recombinant plasmids of interest are selected and cloned.

seps in manipulating dna

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

to rapidly amplify/make millions of copies of a small fragment of DNA very quickly

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

involves repeated heating and cooling cycles

Denaturation (96) - annealing (65) - extension (72) - cooling (5)

the cooling and heating process of PCR

DNA FINGERPRINTING

used to identifying the source of a fragment of DNA

DNA FINGERPRINTING

commonly used for the positive identification of suspects in a crimical investigation and paternity testing

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

the separation and analysis of DNA according to their size and charge

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

uses electricity and a gel and small fragments move faster

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode

Prepare the DNA sample (blood, semen, skin, and hair follicles)

Increase the amount of DNA sample by using PCR.

Separate DNA fragments through gel electrophoresis.

Analyze the results by comparing the samples.

STEPS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

Zebra danio

turned into GloFish and first GMO available as a pet

the gene was inserted into the embryo of the fish

Zebra danio

genetically engineered with a gene from sea coral that causes the fish to glow in the presence of environmental toxins

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

genetically engineered so that they carry one or more foreign genes from a different species and uses recombinant DNA technique

transgenic

GMOS but not all GMOs are __

TRANSGENES

CISGENES

two types of transgenic organisms

TRANSGENES

an organism containing genes from an organism that is not naturally compatible

CISGENES

an organism containing only its own genes or those of a sexually compatible organism

TRANSGENIC BACTERIA

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

THREE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

manufacture human proteins, hormones, and enzymes

manufacture vaccines

clean up oil spills

TRANSGENIC BACTERIA

more vitamins

better pest resistance

manufacture vaccines

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

for food production

study a specific human disease like Alzheimer's disease

gene pharming

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

bovine growth hormone (bGH)

the gene for __ has been inserted into cows, pigs, and sheep in order to create faster-growing and larger animals

GENE THERAPY

the insertion of human genes into human cells to treat or correct disease

GENE THERAPY

Get the gene into enough living cells to produce enough of the missing protein to prevent the disease

GENE THERAPY

makes use of transporters (vectors) called RETROVIRUSES

RETROVIRUSES

splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect; does not negatively affect our DNA

GENE THERAPY

success with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

an inherited disorder, lack enzyme, adenosine deaminase

deficiency of B and T cells

highly susceptible to inflections

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

attempts to introduce the gene for ADA into the patient's T cells and reintroduce the genetically modified T cells in to the patient

research targets: cystic fibrosis and cancer

VACCINES

protect individuals against disease by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens, like viruses or bacteria

Dr. Edward Jenner (1796)

created the world's first successful vaccine

Dr. Edward Jenner (1796)

Found out that people with infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox

1971

The measles vaccine (1963) is combined with recently developed vaccines against mumps (1967) and rubella (1969) into a single vaccination (MMR)