causality ppt PQ

4. Which statement correctly describes proxy data?
c) It is used to reconstruct climate before ___ existed

thermometers

9. ENSO (El Niño/La Niña) cycles:
c) create short-term ___ but not long-term warming

varaibility

12. Radiative forcing measures:
b) how much a __ warms or cools the planet

factor

2. Identify and describe three independent lines of evidence that Earth is warming.

• Instrumental ____: Rising global surface temperatures; warmest years since 1990.

• ___ indicators: Melting glaciers/ice sheets, sea-level rise, earlier ___.

Proxy data: Ice ___, tree rings, sediments showing past ___ temperatures, then sharp recent increase.

record, physical, springs, cores, stable

6. Describe two major human disruptions to the carbon cycle.

• Burning fossil fuels: Adds long-stored carbon to ____ as CO₂.

Deforestation: Reduces carbon sinks, increasing __ atmospheric CO₂.

atmosphere net

10. Identify two major consequences of entering the Anthropocene.

• Increased extreme weather events, ___, sea-level rise.

• Biodiversity loss and greater ___ stress (food, water).

heatwaves resource

Paleoclimatic records show that atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have changed over long periods of earth history. In long-term cycles of glacial advance, paleoclimatic records show that atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have:

b) tended to ____ following declines in incoming solar radiation and average temperature

fall

cycles of advancing glaciers, or Ice Ages, were ___ by declines in incoming ___ radiation and average temperatures (i.e. changes related to Milankovitch cycles), and then CO₂ levels ___ fell (i.e. a positive feedback pushing in the direction of further cooling)

triggered, solar, later

7. Give three pieces of fingerprint evidence showing warming is caused by greenhouse gases, not solar changes.

• Troposphere warms while __ cools.

• Nights warm faster than days.

• Winters warm faster than summers.

• Arctic amplification due to ice-albedo feedback.

stratosphere