HN US History I (Portuguese and Spanish Exploration and Colonization)

The Spanish Colonial Class System (hierarchy)

Peninsulares (Spanish Ancestry) at the top, followed by Creoles (Spanish and Black mixture), then Mestizos (Spanish and Indian mixture), then Mulattos (White American and Black mixture), and at the bottom are Native Indians and black slaves

Which four European countries competed for control of North America and the new world?

Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, and France

Prince Henry the Navigator (not an actual navigator)

Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - Started school of navigation: taught map making & astronomy

Who was the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia?

Portugal

Who were the explorers sailing for Portugal?

Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama, and Pedro Cabral

Vasco de Gama

Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India

What did Pedro Cabral do?

Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for PortugalClaim present day Brazil for Portugal

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

An agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the newly discovered lands outside Europe.

Who conquered the Aztecs and took control of Modern day Mexico?

Hernándo Cortés, Spanish Conquistador

Who conquered the Incas?

Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conquistador

What is the oldest permanent colony in what will become the United States?

St. Augustine (Florida), to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailing for Spain - landed in the "West Indies" - 1492

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese sailing for Spain - 1st to circumnavigate the world

Ponce de Leon

Spain - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida

Vasco de Balboa

Spain - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean

Francisco de Coronado

Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon

Hernando de Soto

Spain - Explored Florida into the Carolinas and west to the Mississippi River

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America's - Amerigo is his first name (where we get "America")

Who were the Spanish explorers?

Columbus, Balboa, Cortes, Pizarro, De Leon, De Soto, Coronado, Vespucci

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain, Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population, With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and missionaries of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans

Montezuma II

Emperor of the Aztecs

Atahualpa

Emperor of the Incas

Peninsulares

Highest social class in Spanish colonies, wealthiest/most powerful, Spanish ancestry, least amount of people

Creoles

A person of mixed Spanish and Black descent, second in the hierarchy

Mestizosa

A person of Spanish and indigenous descent, third in the hierarchy

Mulattos

A person of white and black descent, fourth in the hierarchy

Enslaved people

Native Indians and Black people, bottom of the hierarchy

The Encomienda System

Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply (similar to European feudalism)

• Conquistador controlled Indian populations

  • Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands

  • Indians often rendered personal services as well

• In return the conquistador was obligated to..

  • protect his wards

  • instruct them in the Christian faith

  • defend their right to use the to live off the land

• Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

• Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.

• Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.

• Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.

• Resulted in passage of the New Laws

What did the Spanish empire by the 1600's consist of?

• Southern part of North America

• Central America

• Caribbean Islands

• Most of outer South America

Which country dominated exploration and colonization of the New World in the 1500’s?

Spain

Indigenous civilizations

Aztec Empire, Mayan civilization, Incan Empire

Native American groups in North America developed diverse languages, culture and lifestyles in response to their..

environment

Causes/Motives for European exploration:

 Crusades = by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia (Spices!!!).

        Renaissance = curiosity about other lands and peoples

         Reformation = refugees & missionaries.

        Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

        Technological advances.

         Fame and fortune

Direct Causes (3 g’s)

Political:  Become a world power through gaining wealth and land.  (GLORY)

Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations  (GOLD)

Religious:  spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims.  (GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

Effects of European Exploration/Intervention/colonization in New World

Europeans reach and settle Americas 

Expanded knowledge of world geography

Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism

Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations

Introduction of the institution of slavery

Columbian Exchange

 Effects of Columbian Exchange:

 -an intermixing of the world’s ecosystems, where some species decline, while others increase and expand into new areas

                -depopulation of Native Americans

                -rapid population growth in the Old World, esp. Europe

                 -the importation of African slaves to work labor-intensive sugar plantations, and later, tobacco, rice and cotton plantations

                -the Irish Potato Famine, due to an over-dependence on one crop for survival