Bio101 Exam 1

Biology

the study of living organisms

acellular

no cells

Organization

Basic Characteristic of Life

Acquire Materials and energy

Basic Characteristic of Life, all life needs energy

Homeostatic

Basic Characteristic of Life, metabolism

Respond to Stimuli

Basic Characteristic of Life, all forms of life respond to stimuli

Grow and Reproduce

Basic Characteristic of Life, all life grows

Have an Evolutionary History

Basic Characteristic of Life, all living things have gone through evolution

Autotroph

makes its own food

All Life started from a single cell

Exploring life and Science

Atoms

smallest unit of of an element, made up of protons, electrons, neutrons

Cell

smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Organics

Carbons containing compounds

Molecules

Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.

Hierarchal Approach

1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Cell 4. Tissues 5. Organ 6. Organ System 7. Organism

Tissues

A group of cells with a common structure and function, all tissues are made up of the same types of cells, organized together to function

Organs

Composed of multiple tissues functioning together for a particular task

Organ system

several organs working together

Organisms

individuals of a given species, complex organisms have multiple organ systems

Energy

Capacity to do work, energy from eating

Metabolism

the sum of all of the reactions that occur within an organism

Homeostasis

ability to maintain a constant internal environment

Stimuli

may be internal or external, or voluntary or autonomic

Reproduction

passing genetic information to the next generation, not all organisms have sexual reproduction

Development

the series of biological processes that take place between fertilization and death

Growth

increase in bodily size and an increase in the number of cells

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic information encoded

Genes

short sequences within DNA that specify the instructions for a trait

Mutations

variations in genes that result from errors in DNA replication

Types of Mutations

Substitutions, Deletions, Insertion, Inversions

Evolution

process by which a population changes over time

Natural Selection

mechanism by which evolution occurs

Adaptations

mutations that provide a benefit to an organisms survival or reproductive ability

Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Animals

Divided into invertebrates and vertebrates

Humans most closely related to

Great Apes

Culture

ability to pass information that is not genetically coded between generations

Ecosystem Engineer

species that modifies habitats to their needs

Scientific Method

Trying to make an explanation on how the natural world works

Observation

a formal way of watching the natural world

Hypothesis

possible and testable explanation for a natural event

Experiment

testing the hypothesis

Experimental Design

plan to test ta specific hypothesis

Experimental Variable

the variable being manipulated

Dependent (Responding) Variable

the variable that measured to determine if it changes in response to a change in the experimental variable

Control Group

experimental group, but experimental variable is held constant

Model of Organisms

Organisms in experiments used to test hypotheses

Data

findings of an experiment

Conclusion

State whether the hypothesis was correct or not

Anthropogenic

Human made

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

Element

a basic building block of matter

4 most abundant element in the human body

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Atomic Number

number of protons in the nucleus

Mass Number

the number of protons & neutrons

Atomic Mass

the actual mass of the protons neutrons and electrons

Isotopes

members of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

Radioisotopes

release various types of energy in the form of rays or sub-atomic particles

Valence Shell

the outermost shell of electrons of an atom

Ions

positively or negatively charged atoms

Ionic Bond

attraction between 2 equally and oppositely charged particles

Covalent Bond

atoms share electrons between their valence shells

Polarity

hold water together through hydrogen bonds

Polar

has one positive end and two negative ends

Hydrogen bonds

attraction between water molecules created by polarity

High Heat Capacity

relatively large amount of energy to change waters temperature

High Heat Evaporation

takes alot of heat to turn water form a liquid to a gas

Cohesive

attach to itself

Adhesive

attaches to surfaces

Hydrogen Bonds

attraction of slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity

Without hydrogen bonds, water would…

freeze at 100 degrees C and boil at -91 degrees C

Acids

substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions into water, pH 0-6

Bases

substances that take up hydrogen (H+) ions or release hydroxide (OH-) ions in water, pH of 8-14

Buffer

compound that resists change in pH when acid or base is added to it

Macromolecules

molecules that contain many subunits, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Synthesis

builds macromolecules by connection subunits via removal of water, uses ATP

Hydrolysis

breaks down molecules by adding water between subunits,

Carbohydrates

almost universally the energy source for living organisms, what cells run on

all have H-C-OH groups

twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms

Monosaccharides

contain one sugar molecule, Glucose

Disaccharide

consist of two sugar molecules joined by a dehydration synthesis reaction, maltose and sucrose

Polysaccharides

consist of more than two sugar molecules joined by dehydration synthesis

Starch

the polysaccharide that plants use to store large amounts of glucose

Glycogen

polysaccharide that animals used to store large amounts of glucose

Cellulose

polysaccharide that plants use for the structure of their cell wall, alternation of bonds make it indigestible

Lipids

macromolecule with hydrophobic nonpolar groups, contain little oxygen, mostly made of carbon and hydrogen, most energy dense biological molecule

Phospholipids

used to make cell membranes and sex hormones, constructed like fats, but have phosphate group instead of third fatty acid group

Fats

usually animal based, solid at room temp, lard & butter

Oils

usually plant based and liquid at room temp

Emulsification

process by which a class of chemical positions themselves around an oil droplet so their polar ends project outward

Cell Theory

cell is the basic unit of life, al living organisms are made up of cells, new cells only come from preexisting cells

Cell size

cells are limited on how big they can get, excrete is relative to its mass

Magnification

ratio between objects observed size and actual size

Resolution

ability to distinguish between 2 adjacent points

Prokaryotic cells

lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Eukaryotic cells

possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, Plants, Animals, Fungi

Plasma Membrane

outer membrane that regulates what enters and exits a cell

Selectively permeable

allows some molecules through, while excluding others

Cytoplasm

semifluid medium that fills cells, which contains cytosol

Fluid-Mosaic Model

a working depiction of membrane