moral theory, physician-patient, culture, consent

What is the task when evaluating which moral theory is most adequate?

Provide full justification, including reasons for and against multiple moral theories.

What are examples of moral theories you may compare?

Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, Virtue ethics, Natural law, Care ethics, Principlism

What are the main models of the physician–patient relationship?

Paternalistic, Informative, Interpretive, Deliberative.

Advantages of the paternalistic model?

Physician expertise guides decisions; rapid action in emergencies.

 Disadvantages of the paternalistic model?

Undermines patient autonomy; risk of physician bias.

How do Newton and Kuhse differ on the role of nurses?

Newton: nurses as physicians’ helpers/subordinates.
Kuhse: nurses as autonomous moral agents with independent responsibilities.

How should cultural differences be addressed in medicine?

Through cultural humility, communication, respecting traditions while ensuring safety

Are there universal medical values?

Many argue yes—such as minimizing harm, respect for persons, and fairness.

Why is informed consent ethically important?

Protects autonomy, prevents coercion, promotes trust, supports moral agency.

Which moral theories support informed consent most strongly?

Kantian ethics (respect for persons), Rights-based theories, Principlism (autonomy).

Why didn’t informed consent occur in the Tuskegee study?

Deception, racism, exploitation, lack of patient autonomy and transparency.