CARBOHYDRATES!

Carbohydrates

Aldehydes or ketones with AT LEAST 2 hydroxy groups

Substances that yield ⬆ on hydrolysis

Carbs FORMULA

(CH2O)n

Monosaccharides

•simple sugars, most basic form

•ONE MOLECULAR UNIT

• aldehyde or ketone group + polyhydroxy

• Example: GLUCOSE

Disaccharide

•type of oligo-sac

•TWO MONO-SAC UNITS

-connected by glycosidic bonds that form through a dehydration reaction

-can be hydrolyzed back to their mono-sac components

Example: SUCROSE

Oligosaccharides

•MADE OF A FEW MONO-SAC UNITS

•short chains

•glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharide

•LARGE CARB POLYMERS

•100s OF MONO-SAC UNITS

•complex carbs—> take longer to break down compared to mono and di-sacs

L-isomeric form common example

L-Arabinose

Trioses

3 carbon backbone

Tetroses

4 carbon backbone

Pentoses

5 carbon backbone

Hexoses

6 carbon backbone

•Glucose→ aldo

•Fructose→ keto

ONLY monosaccharide without a chrical center

Dihydroxyacetone

Epimers

•2 sugars that differ in the configuration of only ONE CARBON

•special type of diastereomer→ special type of stereoisomers that AREN’T mirror images of each other

Aldose

Ketose

Hemiacetal and Acetal

Hemiketal and Ketal

Mutarotation

The inter conversion of a and B anomers

Anomers

Anomeric carbon

Reducing end