A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
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Germinal stage
first 2 weeks Conception, implantation, formation of placenta Fewer than half survive beyond this stage
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Embryonic stage
2 weeks - 2 months Formation of vital organs and systems
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Fetal stage
2 months - birth Bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply Age of viability - after 25 weeks (can exist outside of womb)
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Maternal nutrition
Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology
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Maternal drug use
Tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and recreational drugs Fetal alcohol syndrome causes face misproportions
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Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo and fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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Grasping reflex
Babies grab something in their palm like a finger
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Rooting reflex
Baby will turn towards your hand when you brush their cheek or mouth Helps babies find bottle or nipple for feeding
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Cephalocaudal trend
head to foot development babies can move their heads before their feet
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Proximodistal trend
center to outward babies can move their limbs before developing fine motor skills
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habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
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maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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longnitudinal study
study the same subject/group over time Pro: Allows you to avoid confounding factors Con: people may drop out, takes longer
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Cross-sectional study
studying different groups of different ages/characteristics at the same time Pro: Immediate and easier Con: Possible confounding variables Generational differences Events that happen in people’s lives Nature vs nurture
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assimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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accomodation
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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What did Jean Piaget study?
Cognitive development
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Sensorimotor stage
infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities, object permanence 0-2 years
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object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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preoperational stage
symbolic thinking, use language to express concepts Imagination and intuition is strong, but abstract/logical thought is difficult Conservation developed 2-7 years
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conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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egocentrism
inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
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theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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concrete operational stage
children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. 7-11 years
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formal operational stage
people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. 11-adulthood
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stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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What did Erik Erikson study?
Psychosocial development
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Erikson Stage 1
Trust vs mistrust Is my world predictable and supportive? 0-1 years
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Erikson Stage 2
Autonomy vs shame and doubt Can I do things myself or do I rely on others? 2-3 years
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Erikson stage 3
Initiative vs guilt Am I good or bad? 4-6 years
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Erikson stage 4
Industry vs inferiority Am I competent or worthless? 6-puberty
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Erikson stage 5
Identity vs confusion Who am I and where am I going? adolescence
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Erikson stage 6
Intimacy vs isolation Do I share my life or live alone? early adulthood
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Erikson stage 7
generativity vs self-absorption Will I produce something of value? middle adulthood
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erikson stage 8
Integrity vs despair Have I lived a full life? Late adulthood
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What did Kohlberg study?
Moral development
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Preconventional level
Right vs wrong determined by what is punished or rewarded
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Preconventional 2 stages
Stage 1: obedience and punishment Right vs wrong determined by what you get away with Stage 2: Instrumental relativists Right vs wrong determined by reward
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Conventional level
Right vs wrong determined by the approval of other people/social systems
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Conventional 2 stages
Stage 3: Good boy/nice girl Right vs wrong determined by approval of others Stage 4: Authority Right vs wrong determined by infallible laws
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Postconventional level
Stage 5: Social contract Right vs wrong determined by fallible laws, flexible Stage 6: Universal ethics principle Right vs wrong determined by personal abstract principles using many perspectives
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What did freud study?
psychosexual development
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Oral stage
Pleasure focused on mouth First 18 months Oral Receptive: oral fixation leads to biting and smoking, passive, needy, sensitive Oral aggressive: oral fixation leads to verbal aggression
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Anal stage
Pleasure focused on functions of elimination 1.5-3 years Anal retentive: strict toilet training, obsessively clean, controlling, possessive Anal expulsive: lax toilet training, leads to poor organization and possibly aggression
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Phallic stage
Pleasure focused on genitals 3-6 years Issues can lead to vanity and impulsiveness
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Latency stage
Sexual thoughts repressed, child focuses on social and intellectual skills 6-puberty Issues can lead to immaturity and relationship issues
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Genital stage
Sexual desires are renewed, seeks relationships with others puberty-adulthood Issues can lead to self-obsessiveness
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Authortatian parenting
High control with little warmth, no discussions Aim to cultivate hard work, respect, and obedience Produces overachievers
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Authoritative/democratic parenting
High control and high warmth Set rules but allow discussions Best style in theory
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Permissive parenting
Warmth but little control Less rules and punishments Children struggle with independence
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Neglectful parenting
No warmth or control May meet physical needs but nothing else Children struggle with basically everything
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Pubescence
When puberty begins
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Primary sex characteristics
Reproductive organs + genitalia
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Secondary sex characteristics
Traits that develop at puberty Examples: breasts, menarche, voice changes, body shape
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Menarche
First occurrence of menstruation Early menarche leads to more distress and emotional difficulty with transition to adolescence
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Spermarche
First occurrence of sperm production Late spermarche leads to distress and emotional difficulty with transition to adolescence