Clemson University: Microbiology 3050 Prof Rudolph: Unit 1 ( HISTORY)

Carl Linnaeus

Who started binomial nomenclature, which we still use today?

name

the \_______ of a genus and species can often tell you a lot about an unknown microbe

microbes

oldest form of life

underground

where are 92-94% of microbes found?

recycling

microbes play a key role in \_________essential elements; ways in which other organisms are not capable of doing

nitrogen cycle

what process is a key example in which microbes can recycle essential elements in which no other organisms can do?

green algae and cyanobacteria

what microbes carry out photosynthesis?

beneficial

are microbes mostly beneficial or dangerous?

higher organisms

without microbes, we couldn't successfully study \________ \________

bacteria breaks down cellulose into nutrition for animals and produces waste products such as CO2 and CH4

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to agriculture?

microbes can ferment foods

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to food?

we have created treatments and can use microbes to counteract illnesses

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to disease?

we use the fermentation of cellulose, etc. to produce biofules

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to energy/industry?

we can genetically modify organisms

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to the environment?

need microbes to access nitrogen from atmosphere

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to cycling of nutrients?

colonization resistance, what bacteria does in gut affects whole body and brain, trains immune system, modulates immune system

how do microbes positively influence humans when it comes to the human body?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

who first thought that bacteria were tiny animals?

Robert Hooke

who created the word cell

Rob Hooke

who described the fruiting structures of molds?

Antony Leeuwenhoek

who was the first to observe and accurately describe bacteria?

there was no microscope

why didn't the discovery of microbes happen until the 1800s

Janssen

who developed the very first microscope in the 1500s?

it only got up to 30x mag

the microscope Hooke used was called the Galileo microscope. What was the problem with this microscope?

Robert Hooke

which scientist started his study of microbes by looking at blue mold on shoe leather?

Hooke

who was the first to discover microbes?

cork

Hooke looked at \________ under a microscope, which led to the invention of the word "cell"

Leeuwenhoek

He made his own magnifying glass by grinding glass to inspect cloth

Leeuwenhoek

He looked at pepper in rain water and was the first to observe and accurately describe bacteria

Hooke

Who was the first person to ever describe microorganisms?

Leeuwenhoek

Who was the first person to ever accurately describe bacteria?

Leeuwenhoek

He was known as a famous hobby scientist

theory of spontaneous generation

what hindered the development of microbiology?

theory of spontaneous generation

theory in which life arises spontaneously from non-living material

Redi

who discredited spontaneous generation for large animals?

Pasteur

who disproved spontaneous generation using nutrient broth and a swan neck flask, in which air can access the broth?

air

What did everyone say you needed in order for spontaneous generation to occur?

1. filled flask with broth
2. heated flask to create a curve in the neck ( open; air can get in)
3. sterilized broth by extensive heating
4. let broth cool; steam exited neck; sat for a couple days
5. dust and microbes from air were trapped in neck and never reached the broth even after a lot of time passed (can stay sterile for YEARS!)
6. flask was tipped to where the broth mixed with the microbes in the curved part of the neck; in a short amount of time, the broth became cloudy

Describe Pasteur's experiment that discredited spontaneous generation for non large animals

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and very famous scientist in which the French went to him with any scientific questions

Pasteur

He discovered a protozoa that caused a silk worm disease

Pasteur

He discovered that fermentation is carried out by microbes, not just by a chemical process

Pasteur

His experiments led to microbial control methods that kept microbes from growing

Pasteur

He developed the process of pasteurization

Pasteurization

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of spoilage microbes and pathogens to make it safe; does not sterilize

Pasteur

he created the aseptic technique

antiseptic technique

steps to prevent contamination during culture handling, including from the air

Pasteur

He discovered attenuation

Attenuation

dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

Pasteur

While experimenting on chicken and chicken cholera, he discovered what it means to vaccinate

Pasteur

he discovered that the exposure to weakened cultures of bacteria (attenuation) can give you immunity

Pasteur

He solidified the germ theory of disease, that microbes can cause infectious diseases

Pasteur

This scientist treated his first human for rabies by giving him increasing preparations of the rabies virus

witches/ poisonous vapors (miasma/contagion)

before the discovery of anything, what did people think were causing disease

Indirect evidence

- if one person in a house was sick, others around them would get sick
-catapulting bodies with diseases in war

\________________ \______________ for the germ theory of disease

Semmelweis

person who worked in a hospital and advocated handwashing before delivering babies, reducing childbed fever.

Lister

father of modern surgery

Lister

read about Pasteur's work and how microbes degrade meat. He used this information to realize that people were dying from infections, after successful surgeries because of surgeons not being clean

Lister

developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microbes from entering wounds by washing hands, wearing gloves, and heat sterilizing equipment, which led to fewer postoperative infections

indirect evidence

evidence providing only a basis for inference about the disputed fact; Semmelweis & Lister

direct evidence

Evidence that establishes the existence of a fact that is in question without relying on inference; Koch, Jenner, Cohn, Flemming, etc

Koch

he was a contemporary of Pasteur who established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis (a bad disease) and anthrax (causes brain to bleed); he experimented using the blood of diseased and healthy mice

Koch

by using different postulates, he discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis; received a Nobel prize

Koch

His postulates are still used today to establish the link between a particular microorganisms and a particular disease

Jacob Henle

Who was Koch's teacher that developed the techniques Koch used to develop his postulates?

the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals

What is Koch's first postulate?

the suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture

What is Koch's second postulate?

cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal

What is Koch's third postulate?

the suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

What is Koch's fourth postulate?

Looked at blood samples of diseased mice and healthy mice under a microscope. The diseased mice showed a suspected pathogen and the healthy animals did not. He streaked an agar plate with a sample from the healthy mouse and another agar plate with a sample from the diseased mouse. The agar plate with the healthy sample had no growth. The agar plate with the diseases sample had colonies of suspected pathogen.

Injected healthy animal with the cells of the suspected pathogen and the healthy animal died. Then streaked an agar plate with the deceased mouse and the same type of pathogen grew. What grew was a pure culture, so the healthy mice obtained the same pathogen that was injected into it.

Explain Koch's experiment with mice?

pure

in order to grow \______________ cultures, you need a solid surface and nutrients

A solid surface in which bacteria cannot eat, needs to be kept at 37* C so it can grow and live, nutrients such as broth or agar, and a streaking technique to isolate colonies

what do you need to grow a pure culture?

agar

We use \_______ as a nutrient/solidifying ingredient to grow bacteria because it stays solid at 37*C, can be heated, and pathogens won't eat it

it would become contaminated and grow things like fungi

Why did scientists stop using potato slices to grow bacteria?

bacteria would eat it and it would become liquid; it wouldn't stay solid at 37* celcius

Why did scientists stop using jelly to grow bacteria?

37

Pathogens love body temperature, which is why we grow bacteria at \______ *C

98.6

What is 37*C in F?

agar

a polymer from seaweed that is a great solidifying agent for growing bacteria

Petri

He developed the Petri dish

petri dish

a shallow, circular, sterilized, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.

streak plating

a technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism; this works because heating the loop between each quadrant will dilute the bacteria and create different colonies

Jenner

(before the germ theory of disease) used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox by taking puss from a cowpox blister and used it to give someone immunity; exposed a young boy to the cowpox blister...he got sick, but never got smallpox again.

vaccination

This term comes from the scientific name of cowpox, variola vaccine....introduced by Jenner

Jenner

He introduced the term "vaccination"

Pasteur

The term "vaccine" didn't come until which later scientist?

Cohn

Father of bacteriology

Cohn

a German botanist who started classifying bacteria based on shape

Cohn

Who thought that bacteria were plants?

Cohn

He uses a lot of plant terminology when talking about bacteria

Cohn

He discovered that very heat resistant forms of bacteria made endospores

endospores

very heat resistant forms of bacteria; found in hotsprings; can withstand extreme conditions for long periods of time by becoming dormant; when conditions are good, they germinate and become normal bacteria.....this is a way to propagate its species

endospores

Sterilizing bacteria using heat kills \________

Flemming

Who discovered penicillin by accident by working in a lab streaking staph...fuzzy colony grew where it was streaked but there was no growth around it. That fuzzy colony was penicillin, which inhibited the staph's growth

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

these two scientists tried to get bacteria isolated from nature

Beijerinck

he pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media (mimicking environment in which bacteria thrives); grew bacteria that was hard to grow

Beijerinck

he isolated the first pure cultures of many soil and aquatic bacteria

Beijerinck

He described the first virus (first to use the term virus to describe something smaller than bacteria that caused disease)

Beijerinck

The father of virology

poison

another word for virus

Winogradsky

he looked at metabolic processes from metabolic bacteria and discovered that nitrogen fixation can occur anaerobically

nitrogen fixation

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use

anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen