Chapter 3 Mastery Training

Chapter 3 - Perception

PRINCIPLE OF GOOD CONTINUATION

Idea that humans perceive two objects that overlap each as a single, uninterrupted object

PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLICITY

Concept that every stimulus is perceived in its most uncomplicated form

PRINCIPLE OF SIMILIARITY

Idea that things that resemble each other appear to be grouped together

PERCEPTION

Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses

INVERSE PROJECTION PROBLEM

Task of determining the object that caused a particular image on the retina

VIEWPOINT INVARIANCE

Ability to recognize an object seen from different outlooks

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

Sequence of events that starts with information received by the receptors

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

Sequence of events that involves a person's knowledge or expectations

SPEECH SEGMENTATION

Process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the language signal

TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITIES

Likelihood that one speech sound will follow another within a word

LIKELIHOOD PRINCIPLE

Perception of the object that is expected to have caused the pattern of stimuli received

UNCONSCIOUS INFERENCE

Idea that some of our perceptions result from unmindful assumptions we make about the environment

APPARENT MOVEMENT

Illusion of motion perception when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another

PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

Proposal that explains how small elements of a scene become perceptually grouped to form larger units

LIGHT-FROM-ABOVE ASSUMPTION

Belief that light usually comes from a higher level

OBLIQUE EFFECT

Finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other orientations

PHYSICAL REGULARITY

Commonly occurring property of the environment

SEMANTIC REGULARITY

Characteristic associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

BAYESIAN INFERENCE

Idea that estimation of the probability of an outcome is determined by prior probability and likelihood

LIKELIHOOD

In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

PRIOR

Person's initial belief about the probability of an outcome

SCENE SCHEMA

Person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular setting

THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

Characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on

BRAIN ABLATION

Removing part of the cerebrum

LANDMARK DISCRIMINATION PROBLEM

Task of remembering an object's location and choosing that location after a delay

OBJECT DISCRIMINATION PROBLEM

Task of remembering something based on shape and choosing it when presented with another item

WHAT PATHWAY

Part of the brain associated with perceiving or recognizing objects

WHERE PATHWAY

Part of the brain associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space

DORSAL PATHWAY

Part of the brain that extends from the visual cortex in the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe

VENTRAL PATHWAY

Lower part of the brain that goes from the visual cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe

ACTION PATHWAY

Neural tract extending from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

PERCEPTION PATHWAY

Neural tract extending from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe

MIRROR NEURON

Brain cell that responds both when an activity is observed and when it is performed