Early Civilizations: Rome and CHina

Rome

A city-state initially ruled by a monarchy before becoming a republic.

Patricians

The elite class in Rome that overthrew the monarchy.

Republic

A government system in Rome where citizens elected leaders through annual elections.

Consul

The top office in Rome, with two elected each year.

Senate

An advisory group formed by former magistrates in Rome.

Plebians

The common people in Rome who had two tribunes with veto power each year.

Civil Wars

Political violence in Rome following its expansion.

Qin Dynasty

The dynasty that reunified China from 221 - 206 BCE through centralization.

Legalism

A philosophy in the Qin dynasty characterized by strict laws and harsh punishments.

Mandate of Heaven

The belief in China that emperors ruled with divine approval, affecting stability and prosperity.

Han Dynasty

The model dynasty in China from 206 BCE - 220 CE, known for its emperors and governance.

Professional Civil Service

The system in Han China that required educated men to become government officials.

Expansion

The process by which both Rome and Han China grew their territories and influence.

Political Instability

A common factor in both Rome and Han China leading to violence and civil wars.

Diseases

Epidemics like smallpox and measles that contributed to population decline in both empires.

Border Invasions

External threats faced by both empires, with Rome facing Germanic groups and China facing the Xiongnu.

Disunity

The fragmentation of Rome into different kingdoms after its fall.

Byzantine Empire

The continuation of Eastern Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.