Module 1 High Yield Flashcards

Chapter 1,2,3,5

What does remediation mean?

Fixing or correcting the problem.

What does compensation mean?

Using adaptive strategies or equipment when a problem cannot be fixed.

What are the 3 areas of mental health?

Emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

What is behavioral health?

Mental/emotional well-being and behaviors that affect wellness.

What is psychological health?

Emotional, mental, and social well-being that supports coping and healthy relationships.

What does psychosocial mean?

The connection between a person's internal mental state and external social environment.

What is emotional regulation?

The ability to monitor, manage, and respond to emotions in a healthy, flexible way.

What 4 experiences may indicate a mental health problem?

Discomfort, disability, risk, and inability to care for oneself.

How can mental illness affect occupation?

It can interfere with self-care, productive work, and relationships.

What does OT restore in mental health?

Impaired functioning.

How are unhappiness and inactivity related?

They reinforce each other, creating a negative cycle.

How does OT address the cycle of unhappiness and inactivity?

By using purposeful occupation to break the cycle.

Why is purposeful occupation important?

It engages the mind, body, and spirit and provides purpose.

What language should be used when discussing mental illness?

Person-first language, such as "person with…"

What was Moral Treatment?

An approach emphasizing respect, routine, purposeful work, and meaningful occupation instead of neglect and abuse.

What did Moral Treatment hospitals emphasize?

Balanced routines of work, rest, and leisure, along with hygiene, recreation, crafts, and selfcare.

What was the goal of occupation during Moral Treatment?

To help people participate in regular employment and meaningful occupations.

What did productive work demonstrate during Moral Treatment?

Patients showed improved mental health through purposeful work.

What did Moral Treatment become an underpinning of?

Psychiatric occupational therapy.

Why was traditional psychoanalysis problematic for some severely mentally ill patients?

It relied heavily on talking, which some patients were unable to participate in.

What were lobotomies, insulin shock treatment, and ECT initially examples of?

Treatments aimed at controlling the body rather than healing the mind.

What major research areas became important in psychiatry?

Pharmaceutical, biochemical, and biological research.

What major medication development occurred in the mid-to-late 20th century?

Tranquilizers.

What was the goal of community mental health facilities?

Move people out of institutions and into the community.

What is trans-institutionalization?

Moving people from psychiatric institutions into other institutions such as jails, prisons, or nursing homes instead of true community integration.

What happened with Medicare and Medicaid in 1965?

Mental health care shifted toward federal responsibility after people were discharged or transferred from hospitals.

What is psychiatric rehabilitation?

Evidence-based intervention that improves mental health, functioning, independence, and recovery for people with serious mental disorders.

What is IPRT?

Intensive Psychiatric Rehabilitation Treatment.

What did the 1996 Mental Health Parity Act require?

Parity for annual and lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits.

What did the 2008 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act expand?

Parity to financial requirements and treatment limitations, including substance use disorders.

What is mental health parity?

Mental health and substance use benefits must be treated equally with physical medical and surgical care.

What did the Affordable Care Act require?

Coverage of mental health services and parity for individual and small-group plans.

What did the ADA establish for qualified people with disabilities?

They cannot be excluded from employment because of physical or mental disability.

How did the ADA create opportunities for OT in mental health?

OT can address work training, self-advocacy, psychosocial skills, employer collaboration, and community programming.

Who was Lorna Jean King?

An OT who applied sensory integration theory to people with schizophrenia.

What did later sensory-based mental health programs focus on?

Sensory processing/modulation, individualized programs, environmental modifications, and self-regulation.

Who were associated with sensory processing/modulation approaches?

Dunn, Champagne, and Brown.

What did Gail and Jay Fidler contribute to psychiatric OT?

Developed stage-based occupational therapies using psychosocial/Freudian concepts and occupations such as arts and crafts.

What was Mary Reilly known for?

Emphasizing the power of occupation and doing.

What did Reilly believe occupation could do?

Help reverse the cycle of inactivity and disease.

What did Claudia Allen propose?

The Theory of Cognitive Disabilities.

What is the key idea of Allen's Cognitive Disability Model?

A person's task performance provides a window into the quality of their thought.

How many levels are in Allen's Cognitive Disability Model?

Six.

What is occupational science?

The systematic study of the occupational nature of humans.

Who is associated with MOHO?

Gary Kielhofner.

Whose work influenced Kielhofner's MOHO?

Mary Reilly.

What are the 3 systems traditionally emphasized in MOHO?

Volition, habituation, and performance.

What is the primary focus of the Allen Cognitive Model?

Compensation to set the person up for success.

What is the key distinction between OT and OTA roles?

OT leads evaluation and intervention planning; OTA provides intervention under OT supervision.

What are major challenges facing mental health OT?

Therapist shortages, lower salaries/status, state practice regulations, provider recognition, and insurance reimbursement.

Who is CBI largely based on?

Aaron Beck.

What is the central assumption of CBI?

Thoughts/beliefs influence behavior and emotions.

What is the main goal of CBI?

Identify, challenge, and change maladaptive thoughts to improve feelings and behaviors.

What are the 2 main areas addressed by CBI?

Cognition and behavior, and their relationship.

What are automatic thoughts?

Quick thoughts that may occur outside conscious awareness.

What can negative automatic thoughts cause?

Negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors.

What do cognitive techniques target?

Negative automatic thoughts, distorted beliefs, and underlying assumptions.

What do behavioral techniques target?

Problematic behaviors and their consequences/effectiveness.

What are 3 high-yield CBI techniques?

Cognitive rehearsal, self-monitoring, and reattribution.

What is cognitive rehearsal?

Mentally practicing the steps of a task to improve performance.

What is self-monitoring?

Recording thoughts, feelings, events, and behaviors to identify patterns.

What is reattribution?

Challenging the belief that personal shortcomings caused negative events outside one's control.

What technique is especially useful for depression?

Reattribution.

What are the 4 executive function (EF) skills?

Initiation, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility.

What does initiation mean?

Generating a plan and starting an action.

What does inhibition mean?

Controlling impulses and automatic responses.

What is working memory?

Holding, updating, and manipulating information.

What is cognitive flexibility?

Shifting between tasks and adapting to changing circumstances.

What does EF help with overall?

Planning, organizing, decision-making, impulse control, goal-directed behavior, and adapting.

What factors can negatively affect EF?

Stress, poor sleep, poverty, metabolic/immune problems, neuroendocrine changes, and neurotransmitter changes.

What are 3 health behaviors strongly connected to EF?

Nutrition, sleep, and exercise.

What can low EF contribute to?

Poor impulse control, decreased planning, decreased working memory, and unhealthy/risky behaviors.

How do established routines affect behavior?

They shift behaviors from conscious processing to more automatic execution.

How do structured routines affect occupational performance?

They promote occupational balance, consistency, and reliability while reducing fatigue and task accumulation.

What does cognitive behavioral theory say drives behavior?

Thoughts and beliefs.

What is all-or-nothing thinking?

Seeing situations in extreme black-and-white terms with no middle ground.

What is fortune-telling?

Predicting a negative future outcome without evidence.

What is labeling?

Giving yourself or others a fixed negative label based on an event or behavior.

What is emotional reasoning?

Treating feelings as proof that something is true.

What is selective abstraction?

Focusing on one negative detail while ignoring the larger picture.

What is overgeneralization?

Drawing broad conclusions from one event or limited experience.

What is mind-reading?

Assuming you know what another person is thinking without evidence.

What is personalization?

Blaming yourself for events outside your control.

What are "should" statements?

Rigid rules about how you or others must/should behave.

What are magnification and minimization?

Magnification = exaggerating problems; Minimization = downplaying strengths/positives.

What does A-B-C-D-E represent in Rational Emotive Therapy?

A = Activating event; B = Beliefs; C = Consequences; D = Disputation; E = Corrective emotional experience.

What is Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) based on?

TBI rehabilitation and neuroplasticity.

What type of approach is CET?

A neurodevelopmental approach.

What are the 3 major abilities CET improves?

Cognitive abilities, processing speed, and social cognition.

Who commonly receives CET?

People with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and related cognitive disorders.

What is the overall goal of CET?

Improve cognitive/social functioning for meaningful roles, independence, and community participation.

What is neuroplasticity?

The brain's ability to adapt, reorganize, and recover after injury or developmental difficulties.

What is social cognition?

Understanding and responding appropriately to social information, cues, perspectives, norms, and meanings.

What is Socratic coaching?

Using questions to encourage the client to think critically rather than simply giving answers.

What does "thinking on your feet" mean?

Responding and thinking flexibly in situations.

What is role flexibility?

Adapting to different roles or situations.

How does the OT act as a coach in CET?

Helps clients set meaningful goals, practice skills, solve occupational problems, and develop independence.

How does CET teach social skills?

Through real-world experience, observation/interpretation of cues, trial and error, and practice.

What does non-directive mean in CET?

The OT guides through questions and experience rather than constantly telling the client what to do.

What are the 4 main components of MOHO?

Volition, habituation, performance capacity, and environment.