Biology Vocab Quiz 3

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integral protein

proteins that are embedded in or attached to cell membranes (think phospolipid structure)

osmosis

the process by which water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

transport protein

move materials across cell membranes

glycoprotein

proteins that have sugar chains attached to them

glycolipid

lipids that have a carbohydrate attached to them by a glycosidic bond

concentration gradient

the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas

facilitated diffusion

a passive transport process that allows molecules or ions to move across a cell membrane without using energy

diffusion

the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient (uses energy)

peripheral protein

proteins that attach to the surface of a cell membrane or the membrane of a cell's mitochondria, but are not integrated into the membrane's lipid bilayer

turgid

a cell that is swollen and hard due to absorbing water through osmosis

passive transport

the diffusion of molecules with the concentration gradient, that is, from high to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells

osmoregulation

the process of maintaining an organism's fluid balance and osmotic pressure

tonicity

the ability of a solution to alter the volume of cells by changing their water content

isotonic

a solution with equal solute concentration to another solution or to a type of muscle contraction

hypertonic

a solution with a higher concentration of solute than the inside of a cell

hypotonic

a solution with a lower concentration of solute than the solute concentration inside a cell

flaccid

a plant cell that has lost its rigidity and is soft and limp due to a loss of water, resulting in reduced turgor pressure

plasmolysis

the process where a plant cell shrinks due to the loss of water from its cytoplasm, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall

selective permeability

the ability of a membrane to regulate the passage of molecules and ions through it

proton pump

a membrane protein that moves protons across a biological membrane, creating a proton gradient and a negative membrane potential

pinocytosis

a process by which cells take in fluids and dissolved substances through the cell membrane

phagocytosis

a process in which a cell engulfs and destroys large particles, such as bacteria or dead cells, through its plasma membrane

phosphorylation cascade

a series of reactions that involve the phosphorylation of proteins

protein kinase

enzymes that regulate cell growth and activity by adding phosphates to proteins, which changes their shape and activates them

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell (3 sodium ions outside of cell, 2 potassium ions inside of cell)

exocytosis

process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell's cytoplasm and into the extracellular space (requires energy)

electromagnetic pump

used to move electrically conductive liquids

protein phosphate

enzymes that regulate protein function in cells by removing phosphate groups from proteins

second messenger

small molecules that relay signals from cell-surface receptors to proteins inside the cell, called effector proteins

membrane potential

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

gated channels

membrane proteins that open and close to allow ions to pass through the cell membrane

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a cellular process that allows cells to absorb molecules from outside the cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface

cotransport

the process of transporting two or more substances across a cell membrane at the same time

electrochemical gradient

determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel

ligand-gated ion channel

transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to chemical messengers, or ligands, binding to them

ligand

Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

signal transduction pathway

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

active transport

an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells