vmp exam review

5 examples of emetics

apomorphine, xylazine, hydromorphone, ipecac, H₂O₂

5 examples of antiemetics

Gravol, Reglan, Propulsid, Zofran, cerenia

example of a narcotic analgesic

Laperamide

Parasite

: an organism that lives on or in　another organism and derives nourishment from its　host

Endoparasite

Parasites found internally - in the host

Ectoparasite

: Parasite found externally (skin) - on　the host

Zoonosis

Parasite/disease transmitted from animal。to human.

Anthelmintic

kills various types of internal parasites

Vermicide

kills worms

Vermifuge

paralyzes worms (can see live

worms in stool)

Antinematodal

treats infections with nematodes

examples of nematodes

roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, pinworms

Anticestodal

treats infections with

tapeworms

Antitrematodal:

treats infections with flukes

Antiprotozoal

treats infections with protozoa

Organophosphates

treats both internal and external parasites

most commOn forms of Tetrahydropyrimidines

pyrantel pamoate , strongid-T, and pyra tablets

kinds of Benzimidizoles

Fenbendazole (panacur), albendazole, praziquantel, epsiprantel

Melarsomine dihydrochloride
(Immiticide

IM adult heartworm treatment

Insect growth regulators

Prevent immature stages from maturing into adults

insecticide Pyrethrins and pyrethroids effect

knock-down effect

Imidacloprid advantages

Effective against fleas on

dogs and cats

Amitraz benefits

Effective against demodectic mange in

dogs

Milbemycin oxime purpose

Microfilaricide for heartworm prevention

what dog breed shouldnt use ivermectin

collies. white feet dont treat

what is selamectin

topical parasiticide and antihelminthic used on dogs and cats

what does Fenbendazole and Metronidazole treat

giardia

what does Sulfadimethoxine, Ponazuril, and Toltrazuril treat

coccidia

Capstar benefits

kills adult fleas quickly (interferes with nerve transmission in fleas)

Heartgard Plus benefits

prevents roundworm, hookworms, and heartworm

NexGard benefits

prevents fleas and ticks

Sentinel Flavor Tabs benefits

eliminates worms, lufenuron arrests

development of eggs and larvae

example of bismuth subsalicylate

Pepto-Bismol

example of anticholinergic

antispasmodics

2 examples of probiotics

Forti-Flora & Progut

examples of laxatives

Metamucil & saline/hyperosmotic agents

3 examples of lubricants

mineral oil, cod liver oil, glycerin, petrolatum

2 examples of surfactants/stool softeners

colace, lactulose

example of an enema

microlax-sodium lauryl sulfoacetate

2 categories of antacids

nonsystemic, systemic

3 examples of antiulcer drugs

carafate, gastrocard, prilosec

where does metabolism primarily take place?

liver

manners of elimination ?

kidney by urine, liver by bile/feces, lungs for inhalant

how do cells respond to drug molecules ?

receptor on cell wall combines w drug

true or false: all cells have receptors for all drugs

false

most common diseases impacting drug PK?

liver, kidney, cardiovascular

what symptom has most significant impact on drug disposition ?

reduced kidney function

what is a normal aging cause ?

change in body composition

symptoms of Redistribution of blood flow to brain and heart?

Decrease in drug absorption, hepatic metabolism, and renal excretion

distribution barriers ?

Drug’s chemical properties, Tissue blood flow (vascularity), Degree of Protein binding, Degree of Tissue binding, anatomic barriers

anatomic barriers to distribution?

- Blood-brain barrier (BBB); P-glycoprotein pump, Epidermal barrier, Blood-testis barrier, Placental barrier

pharmacokinetics=

Movement of drug molecules into, through, and out of the body

drug absorption=

Movement from administration site into systemic circulation

drug distribution=

Movement from systemic circulation into tissues

- metabolism= Alteration before elimination

Alteration before elimination

drug elimination=

Removal of drug/metabolite from body

drug half life=

amount of time (hrs.) that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by half

drug Potency=

The strength of a drug at a particular dosage

drug Efficacy=

Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient

Adverse Drug Reaction=

An undesirable response to a drug by a patient

consider with drug withdrawal time

eggs and milk must be discarded from livestock

drug distribution barriers

chemical properties, vascularity, Protein binding degree, tissue binding degree, anatomic barriers

anatomic barriers to drug distribution

- Blood-brain barrier, Epidermal barrier, Blood-testis barrier, Placental barrier

- most common diseases impacting drug PK?

liver, kidney, cardiovascular

cardiovascular disease aspects in relation to drugs

- Alters the distribution of blood flow to tissues, More blood is distributed to the brain and heart, Alterations in gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal

order of blood flow impact in cardiovascular disease in relation to drugs

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

aspects of kidney disease in relation to drugs

Decreased drug elimination, Increasing plasma drug concentrations, Risk of adverse drug reactions or toxicity

liver disease aspects in relation to drugs

The liver is the primar y site of drug metabolism, Difficult to predict need for dosage adjustments

- where does metabolism primarily take place?

liver

manners of elimination

kidney by urine, liver by bile/feces, lungs for inhalant

how do cells respond to drug molecules ?

receptor on cell wall combines w drug

true or false: all cells have receptors for all drugs

false

most common diseases impacting drug PK?

liver, kidney, cardiovascular

what symptom has most significant impact on drug disposition ?

reduced kidney function

what is a normal aging cause ?

change in body composition

symptoms of Redistribution of blood flow to brain and heart

Decreased drug absorption, Decreased hepatic metabolism, Decreased renal exc ret ion

Pain

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated w actual or potential tissue damage

Physiological pain

pain that is produced by a sudden injury

Visceral Pain

pain from hollow organs such as peritoneum, heart, liver and lungs

Somatic Pain

pain from the musculoskeletal system

Neuropathic pain

pain from injury to the peripheral or central nervous system.

Acute Pain

sudden onset from an injury

Chronic pain

persists beyond the normal healing time or associated with progressive disease where healing has not occurred.

Pre-emptive Pain Management

pain management treatment before tissue damage

Multimodal Analgesia

pain management which combines various groups of medications for pain relief.

Inflammation

process that occurs in the body in response to tissue injury

Nociceptors

pain receptors, terminal sensory nerve endings found in almost every tissue of the body.

4 steps to pain sensation:

Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, Perception

Anaesthetics

for numbing OR making unconscious

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

tranquilizers= for calming, sedatives= induce sleep

Analgesics

pain treatment

Anti-inflammatory

inflammation treatment

consider for inhalant anaesthetic

protect airway

consider if full anesthesia shouldbe intubated

Often need injectable anesthetic beforeintubation

Inhalants vs epidural anaesthetics

one for unconsciousness, one for numbing

purposes of the barbituate Pentobarbitol

induction, controlling seizures, euthanasia

consider with the barbituate Ket/Val (ketamine and diazepam)

caution with old or compromised patients

benefits of the barbituate Propofol

safer for older animals, can cause apnea

consider with barbituate Alfaxalone-

Can cause apnea, can see excited recovery (fast acting