ANSC 3010 Test 1 LSU

What is the challenge that livestock producers and nutritionists face when it comes to feeding animals?

To increase the efficiency of conversion of feedstuffs into animal products.

What is a diet?

Feed constituent or group of feed constituents that aid in the support of life

What is nutrition?

A series of processes by which an animal takes in and assimilates feed components for promoting growth, milk, or fiber production and replacing worn or injured tissues

6 classes of nutrients

Water, carbs, protein, lipid, vitamins and minerals

4 factors that influence food and feed production

1) Government regulatory practices

2) Prices received for products

3) Environmental conditions

4) Input costs (fertilizer, labor, equipment)

True or False: All animals require the same nutrients

False

What are examples of natural feedstuff?

corn, soybean, wheat

What are examples of natural processed feedstuff?

SBM, wheat bran, corn gluten feed

What are examples of synthetic feedstuff?

crystalline amino acids, vitamins

What is a ration?

amount of diet consumed in 24 hr period

What is the most important nutrient?

Water

In what ways can an animal derive water?

Drinking

Feedstuffs

Metabolic

What is free water?

the moisture associated with the feed.

How is metabolic water made?

Chemically bound and released when nutrients or body tissue are broken down by metabolic processes

A general definition for good-quality water is that it should contain less than 2,500 mg/l (0.25%) of __________.

Dissolved solids

True or False: Water could be a source of mineral toxicity

True

Carbohydrates serve as a source of ________.

Energy

Carbohydrates comprise up to ___% of the dry matter of forages and as much as ___% in grains

70%

80%

Chemically, carbohydrates are composed of _____, _______, and ______

C, H, O

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?

monosaccharide; it contains either five or six carbons, and often referred to as a sugar

What are the 2 most common simple sugars in feed?

Sucrose (table sugar) and Lactose (milk sugar)

___________ and ____________ are the two polysaccharides found in plants in the highest concentrations.

Starch and cellulose

In monogastric animals, dietary carbohydrates must be converted to ____________.

Simple sugars

The primary source of amylase (enzyme) is the_______

pancreas

Which animal needs a diet that is lower in carbohydrates?

Cat

Simple sugars are absorbed rapidly by the _____________.

Small intestine

True or False: When young ruminant animals are born, they are functionally monogastric animals

True

Microbial organisms cause the ________ in rumen to develop & mature

papillae

True or False: In ruminant animals, the amount of amylase and other enzymes secreted into the small intestine is very high, as compared to monogastric animals

False; In ruminant animals, the amount of amylase and other enzymes secreted into the small intestine is quite LOW, as compared to monogastric animals. As a result, ruminant animals are LESS able to digest starch in the small intestine

Ruminants are most efficient at digesting _______ __________

fibrous carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose)

What is Lignin?

A compound associated with fibrous feedstuffs and dramatically affects the animal's ability to digest cellulose and hemicellulose

Does the lignin content of plants increase or decrease as the plants mature?

Increase

True or False: Amino acids for protein synthesis are supplied in the diet or result from digestive processes in the GI tract.

True

True or False: Blood meal is highly soluble and high in protein

True

What are the 2 categories for amino acids?

Essential amino acids (or nondispensable) and Nonessential amino acids (or dispensable).

If a specific amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available, the protein cannot be synthesized. This is referred to as a ___________ amino acid.

limiting

True or False: If a specific amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available, the protein can still be synthesized

False; If a specific amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available, the protein cannot be synthesized

List the 10 essential amino acids

Methionine

Arginine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Valine

Phenylalanine

Ruminants can survive on diets that contain no protein but need ____ source

N

Which essential amino is only essential for cats?

Taurine

In simple stomach animals, how are dietary proteins convert to amino acids?

Dietary proteins are converted into amino acids by the digestive secretions in the stomach.

What are the 2 factors that relative biological value (BV) depend on?

1) How well animal GI tract converts to AA

2) How well amino acid balance compares to need

True or False: In general, protein quality is more important to ruminants than simple-stomached species

False; Protein quality is LESS important to ruminants than simple-stomached species

A deficiency of protein can result for two reasons. What are they?

1) 1 or more AA's are limiting

2) Inadequate dietary protein

True or False: Lipids have 2.25x more energy than carbohydrates

True

When all bonds on the carbon atom are taken up by a hydrogen, the result is _____________.

saturated fatty acid

Fat sources are classified as fats or oils, based on _________ ____________ at room temperature

physical consistency

Fats found in plants & animals are generally in the _____________ form

triglyceride

In monogastric animals, the primary site of fat digestion is the _______ ___________.

Small intestine; Combined action of bile & pancreatic lipase digests the dietary fats

True or False: Once in the tissues lining the GI tract, the dietary fats are transformed back to triglycerides and transported to the cells of the animal to be metabolized.

True

True or False: In general, fats absorb more completely than oils

False; OILS absorb more completely than FATS

Adequate amounts of fats are essential for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. What are the fat- soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Fats are used to synthesize various compounds required by the animal, or stored in fat deposits as an __________ _____________.

Energy reserve

What are the end products of energy metabolism?

CO2, water, heat, and ATP

What are the two fatty acids essential for mammalian species?

Linoleic acid (C18:2) & linolenic acid (C18:3)

What are 2 excellent sources of linoleic and linolenic acid?

Corn and soybean oils

What are essential fatty acids?

Integral part of the lipid-protein structure of the cell membranes. Essential fatty acids are distributed widely among most of the common feedstuffs

Essential amino acids are important in the structure of ________________.

prostaglandins

________ ________ composition of the fat deposits reflects what the animal is consuming

Fatty acid

True or False: If an oil is fed to poultry or swine, carcass fat becomes more saturated

False: If an oil is fed to poultry or swine, carcass fat becomes LESS saturated

What are the major macrominerals?

Ca (calcium), P (phosphorous), Cl (chlorine), Mg (magnesium), K (potassium), Na (sodium), S (sulfur)

The largest amounts of minerals occur in the ____________ and provide its structural rigidity

Skeleton

______ is an essential constituent of hemoglobinin the blood and myoglobin in muscle tissues

Iron

_____________ is a component of thyroid hormone

Iodine

__________ is a structural component of vitamin B12

Cobalt

___, ___, and _____ are involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure and pH in an animal's body fluids

Na, K, and Cl

______________ is found in high concentrations in forages, so deficiency occurs only when the animal is fed high levels of grains

Potassium

_________ is always deficient in very young pigs

Iron

True or False: Mg deficiency is common in most livestock species

False; Mg deficiency is NOT common in most livestock species

True or False: As a general rule, mineral toxicity is much lessof a problem than mineral deficiencies

True

Of the macrominerals, NaCl toxicity is often a problem for _______ and __________.

Poultry and swine.

True or False: Water containing high levels of some alkali salts may be toxic

True

_____________ are organic substances required by animal tissues in very small amounts

Vitamins

How are vitamins classified?

Water or fat soluble

Many water-soluble vitamins function primarily as cofactors of __________.

Enzymes

Which vitamin is involved in vision and in maintaining the epithelial cells?

Vitamin A

Which vitamin is involved in Ca absorption and bone deposition?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin functions as a metabolic antioxidant?

Vitamin E

Which vitamin is required for normal blood clotting?

Vitamin K

(think of it as blood "K"lotting)

__________ and ___________ are synthesized in the large intestine in monogastric species, and in the rumen and large intestine of ruminant animals

B-complex and vitamin K

True or False: The ability of monogastric animals to absorb vitamins synthesized in their intestinal tract varies with the vitamin and the species

True

Vitamins are absorbed primarily from the _________ ____________

Small intestine

True or False: Energy is a nutrient

False; Energy is not a nutrient, but is required in the body for metabolic processes, physiological functions, muscular activity and synthesis of new tissues.

______________ are normally used to provide the bulk of the energy that an animal requires because of their relatively low cost per unit of energy

Carbohydrates

Feeding standards for formulating rations for all species are based on some measure of ___________

Energy

Protein requirements are commonly expressed as Crude Protein (CP), and it is an estimate based on what?

Nitrogen content of the feed

What are the 3 major types of microbes present in the rumen?

Fungi, bacteria, and protozoa

_______________ is defined as the process by which digested nutrients cross the cellular lining (membranes) of the GI tract

Absorption

The volatile fatty acids are absorbed by thousands of "finger-like" projections lining the bottom and sides of the rumen wall. These finger-like projections are called __________.

Papillae

What are the 3 main volatile fatty acids (VFA)?

acetic acid, butyric acid and propanoic acid

What is the most commonly used marker in digestibility trials?

Chromic oxide

__________ energy is the amount of heat produced when a feed is completely oxidized using an Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter.

Gross

Most descriptive information relating to feedstuffs gives an _______, which indicates how a feedstuff has been categorized.

IFN (International Feed Number)

_______________ trials measure feed consumption and fecal excretion over a period of time

Digestion

_______________ trials account for losses from urine, respiration & sometimes with skin

Balance

______________ trials evaluate feedstuffs, dietary nutrient levels, additives, feed processing methods, etc

Feeding

What is a chemical analysis?

Components of a feed into different general groups estimate the relative amount that is present

What is the most commonly used method in chemical analysis?

Proximate Analysis

____________ _________________ often provides clues about their relative feeding value.

Physical evaluation

What are some examples of palatability?

eye appraisal and smell